Stuttering Paper Free Essays

According to Singular’s Pocket Dictionary of Speech-Language Pathology â€Å"stuttering is an articulatory or phonatory problem that typically presents in childhood and is characterized by anxiety about the efficacy of spoken communication, along with forced, involuntary hesitation, duplication, and protraction of sounds and syllables. † Stuttering can be witnessed in the rate, pitch, inflection, and even facial expressions of a speaker. The cause of this problem is not set in stone, which leads to countless theories as to why people stutter. We will write a custom essay sample on Stuttering Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Along with numerous theories as to why people have this disorder, there are also limitless treatment methods that can be used to help a speaker with a stuttering problem. Stuttering has been a controversial topic among professionals for hundreds of years, and we are still learning what works and what does not work for this curious disorder. The etiology of stuttering is not certain to this day. Many professionals are torn between the psychological and neurological theories as to why people stutter. There are many theories which explain stuttering as a psychosomatic problem that can be dealt with by using psychotherapy. The â€Å"Repressed Need† hypothesis explains that stuttering is a neurotic symptom which is fixed in the unconscious. The repressed need is said to come from a longing for either oral or anal gratification. The stutterer is able to satisfy their anal erotic needs by the â€Å"holding back of words that may represent a hostile expulsion and retention of feces. † This theory is closely related to Freud’s Oral and Anal stages. Some theorists believe that stuttering is caused by the â€Å"Anticipatory struggle†. The anticipatory struggle hypothesis explains that p63 â€Å"stutterers interfere in some manner with the way they are talking because of their belief in the difficulty of speech. † The stutterer is so frightened of making a mistake during speech they in turn avoid, brake, or interject their words and sentences. Stuttering is thought to be a variant disorder, meaning it can affect a person in certain situations that bring them great anxiety or fear. Using a phone and speaking in front of a group of people are examples of this . Although many signs point to a psychological explanation for stuttering, genetic and neurological problems have also been tied to stuttering. Early theorists, like the Roman physicians believed stuttering was related to an imbalance of the â€Å"four humors†, and humoral balance treatments were used to treat stuttering until the late eighteenth century. A more modern explanation of a neurological problem that causes stuttering would be the â€Å"cerebral dominance theory†, that explains conflict between the two hemispheres of the brain is the cause of stuttering. Stuttering has many different types of specified dysfluencies. Although there are hesitations and interruptions found in all speakers, the disfluency found in stutterers seems to be more severe. There are several forms of dysfluencies when dealing with stuttering including interjections, repetitions, and revisions. A stutterer can encompass one or many dysfluencies ranging from minor incidents to very extreme episodes of stuttering. Interjections occur frequently in both fluent speakers and dysfluent speakers. An interjection occurs with the speaker uses â€Å"uh† or â€Å"er† while speaking. Repetitions also are common for stutterers. Repetitions can occur in part of the word ,† wh wh what† in the entire word, â€Å"what what what† and in phrases, â€Å" what do what do what do you want? † Revisions during sentences such as,†I was, I am going† also happen often, along with broken words; I was t—alking, and prolonged sounds like the â€Å"wa† sound in what are also usual in stuttering. Like other speech disorders, stuttering mainly occurs in children who show no evidence of having any other type of disorder. Stuttering comes in many shapes and forms and can be slight to extremely severe, making the all characteristics of this disorder always subject to change. Stutterers encompass hesitation, interruption, revisions, broken words, and prolonged sounds in their speech making it hard for people to follow. While most of the characteristics of a stutterer are only apparent when listening to them speak, there are also many secondary characteristics a stutterer may have. The secondary characteristics vary from person to person, however most of them occur in the face or hand motions. Visible characteristics include tension in the face, which can be seen when the speaker is talking and their face seems to turn sour and flushed. Stutterers also may frown, jerk their head, move their eyes erratically, or wrinkle their foreheads during a speech interruption. Stutterers show secondary characteristics in their hand movements and gestures as well. When stutterers feel tension which is usually caused by frustration of speech, they sometimes react by waving their arms and hands. This can sometimes help the stutterer to get out a word, phrase or sound they are trying to express. Vocal abnormalities are also present in some stutterers, including abnormal inflections in tone, and sharp pitch level shifts. A person can begin to stutter at any time, however most cases are recorded at a young age; most frequently between the ages of two through six. An estimated fifteen million individuals world wide, including three million Americans stutter. A child can be diagnosed from eighteen months, when words starts to progress into more fluent speech. The median age of onset according to a study done by Daley (1955); which included fifty young stutterers recorded that the median age of onset was 3. 87. Occurrence becomes less frequent with age, and seems to be tied to the development of language. Although there are millions of stutterers in the United States most of them will â€Å"recover† by adulthood. According to Andrews and Harris’s (1964) research that included 1,000 stutterers; 79% of children will stop stuttering by the age of sixteen. Boys are three times more likely to develop a stutter then a girl would according to the 3-1 ratio concluded by â€Å"US Nationwide, 1-12† Hull el at (1976). Assessing a stuttering disorder can be done in many ways including, recognizing the frequency of the specified disfluency type, calculating the mean duration of stuttering, speech rate, and articulation of the person’s speech. When measuring the frequency of the stutter, the speech pathologist can try to account the percentage of moments of stuttered words or syllables. This is a popular way of diagnosing a stutter, since it is easily reportable. Speech pathologists can use electronic counters to measure the number of syllables stuttered during a speech session. A speech pathologist can also evaluate a patient by checking their speech rate. Checking a speech rate is done by the examination of abnormalities in the respiration, like disordered breathing, and phonation, such as breath holding. A professional can also make assumptions on a patient by listening to how long a stuttering block lasts for. An average duration of a stuttering block is one second, and in some severe cases of stuttering a block can last for an entire minute. When dealing with the treatment of a speech disorder like stuttering, the patient has many options, which may or may not work for them. Since stuttering usually begins at a young age, behavior therapy has been a popular method of treatment that may halt the progression of stuttering in children. In behavior therapy for early stutterers, the clinician can recommend the child to speak slower and smoother by teaching them a relaxed pattern of speech. Modeling and mimicking are excellent ways to help a child with a stutter to over come their impediment. Psychotherapy is another modern way of treatment among professionals. Psychoanalytical therapy can help the stutterer to over come their anxieties of speech, and give them the confidence that they lack. Speech therapists play a role in the treatment of stuttering by helping the patient modify their speech patterns. It seems that most stutters are able to talk in song, so the speech pathologist can teach the patient to speak rhythmically. Helping a person speak rhythmically can be taught by using hand and finger movements to assist the stutterer â€Å"move along† their fluency. While this is an effective treatment for stuttering, some patients might relapse and their learned hand movements become useless and the learned tendency can then become an abnormal secondary characteristic. Although the effectiveness of therapy is unclear, the patient has the option of many treatments, and eventually a stutterer may find something that will work for them or as in many cases, the person might recover spontaneously. Stuttering is classified as a speech disorder, however there is much more to this disorder that meets the eye. Researchers are still trying to pinpoint the exact cause of stuttering but one thing they can all agree on is that the emotional pain a person with a stutter lives with can affect them for the rest of their lives, even after the disorder subsides. Aside from the anxiety, shame, and fear that go along with this speech problem, many people go ahead to live seemingly normal lives. Through out history there have been countless successful individuals who stutter, ranging from Winston Churchill to James Earl Jones which goes to show that while stuttering can be difficult to overcome it does not deter a person from reaching their fullest potential. How to cite Stuttering Paper, Papers

Untitled Essay Research Paper One day a free essay sample

Untitled Essay, Research Paper One twenty-four hours, a adult female called herself? Want the Truth in Westport? wrote to a editorialist with a inquiry that she had to hold the answered. ? Please happen out for certain, ? she begged the editorialist, ? whether or non Oprah Winfrey has had a facelift. ? The editorialist refused to reply the inquiry for Ms. Winfrey? s privateness. I? m disturbed by this incident. I think it? s truly atrocious to be a famous person because he or she is ever in the public eyes. Because they are famous persons, they have excessively small privateness, excessively much force per unit area, and no safety. They have really nerve-racking lives.Probably the most good known consequence of being famous persons is that they wear? Ts have the privateness that normal people have. Their most personal item lives are all over the forepart of pages of the Globe so that world-weary people can read them. We will write a custom essay sample on Untitled Essay Research Paper One day a or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Even a famous person? s household is put into the limelight. Like a teenage boy? s apprehension for pot ownership or a married woman? s imbibing job becomes the topic of headlines. Besides, famous persons are hounded by lensmans at places, eating houses, and streets. Those lensmans merely hope to acquire a image of a Cindy Crawford in rollers or a Bruce Wills imbibing a beer. When famous persons try to make something that normal people do, like eat out or go to to watch a football game, they have to run the hazard of being interrupted by car graph hounds or fans.The fact that celebrities? physical appearance is always under observation caused them under constant pressure. Especially for those famous women who have to suffer from the people?s spotlight, like ?she really looks old? or the ? she puts on weight?. Moreover, photographers want to get unflattering pictures of celebrities because they can be sold by a high prize. Therefore, this increases the pressure to force celebrities to look good all the timeThe most important effect of being celebrities is they must deal with the stress of being in constant danger. Those friendly grabs, hugs, and kisses of fans can quickly into uncontrolled assaults on celebrities? bodies and cars. Celebrities often get strange letters from people who become obsessed with them or from people who threaten to hurt them. Worst of all, threats can turn into real to hurt celebrities. The attempt to kill Ronald Reagan and the murder of John Lennon is because two people tried to transfer the celebrity?s fame t o themselves.Some people dream of being celebrities, and their names in light, and their pictures on the cover of magazines. I?m not one of them, though. A famous person gives up private life, feels pressured all the time, and is never completely safe. Therefore, let someone else have that cover story. I?d rather lead a normal, but clam, life than a stress-filled celebrity.

The Impacts of Natural Disasters on the Tourism Industry Essay Example

The Impacts of Natural Disasters on the Tourism Industry Paper Taiwan Earthquake of 1991 Perhaps the most serious of earthquakes in Taiwan[ls history struck in September of 1991. Tourism Management Magazine stated that the tourism economy took the hardest hit after the traumatic events Of the earthquake, and especially the international tourist economy. Major tourist attractions like National Palace Museum and Chiffon were ruined by the earthquakes. The National Palace is a place of rich cultural irritate and the Chiffon are walking paths with beautiful scenery. It was not solely Taiwan structural damage that hurt the tourism economy, however; it was also all of the negative media coverage. The media portrayed Taiwan to be in horrible condition and said Taiwan lost all of its beauty. The reason media companies blow everything out of proportion is so their companies get more attention, not everything they actually say is true. In order for Taiwan to mitigate the severe circumstances the media put them in they put a plan in to action to reinvigorate their tourism economy. This plan included sending out undress of representatives all over the world to personally give interviews on TaiwanÃ'Å¡s current state. Taiwan also invited corporate touring agencies to personally take tours of the current state Taiwan was in. They also gave projections of when everything would be tourist ready. This helped Taiwan out tremendously because they 5 | Page of Natural Disasters and on the Tourism and Hospitality Industry didnt give those corporate agencies a chance to forget about their tourism industry. Also, the city of Taipei holds a Taipei International Travel Fair each year. We will write a custom essay sample on The Impacts of Natural Disasters on the Tourism Industry specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Impacts of Natural Disasters on the Tourism Industry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Impacts of Natural Disasters on the Tourism Industry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This fair has hundreds of vendors and booths set up with tourism professionals. It is a four day fair and right after the tragic events of the earthquake Taiwan successfully held the fair. The fair attracted over 60,000 visitors and became a huge success. This obviously worked wonders for the both the tourism industry of Taiwan and the international tourist industry of Taiwan. Another huge help for the Taiwanese tourism industry is the commercial that CNN ran in Asia and all over North America promoting their annual Johnnie Walker Classic Golf Tournament. The slogan during the commercial was After the quake, Taiwan goes on. This helped immensely bring in international tourists and business people. The commercial was mainly showed in Japan because that is Taiwan]s major source of inbound tourism. Taiwan]s market segment was right on target because after these ads were shown their international tourism improved drastically. The Taiwanese government provided a substantial amount of aid to the tourism sector by coming up with plans to help rebuild major tourist attractions that were ruined by the earthquake. Human of Tourism Management Magazine states, The government played a significant role to help bring facilities in scenic areas back into operation efficiently. They allowed for tourism companies in earth quake stricken areas o apply for low interest loans to big time banks, especially The Bank of China. Once the major areas of tourism were approved to be safely traveled to by tourists, there was a national announcement made. This also helped the inbound 6 | Page of Natural Disasters and on the Tourism and Hospitality Industry tourist flow grow. Another helpful contribution that was made was a significant discount in tickets to get to Taiwan to Japanese and Chinese travelers, two of their biggest inbound markets. This also gave significant help to the inbound tourist rate. The Taiwan tourism economy today seems to be doing better Han ever. They have rebuilt themselves. They are considered a must see destination in Asia and seem to be flourishing tremendously. Japan Earthquake of 2011 Just recently in March of 2011 Japan experienced a horrible earthquake that was similar to Taiwan]s earthquake of 1 991. However, Japans earthquake was a lot worse measuring a whopping 9. 0 on the Richter scale. It is truly a shame that this happened to Japan at this time because BBC stated, the Asia Pacific region was expected to drive the global tourism industry in 2011 BBC also forecasted nine million tourists to pay a trip to Japan this year. This obviously cannot happen anymore because of the amount of damage the earthquake wreaked on Japan. On top of the structural damage caused to Japan, a gas leak in the Fuchsia nuclear power plant has caused radiation levels to sky rocket. These harmful radiation levels have caused an evacuation to the area around the power plant, which means there will be more of a detrimental impact on the tourism industry than there already is. No one will be willing to risk traveling to Japan for a vacation while due to the skyrocketed radiation levels. However, all hope is not lost for Japan and its tourism economy. The good deeds that Japan did or Taiwan tourism economy in their time of trouble and helplessness will 7 | page of Natural Disasters and on the Tourism and Hospitality Industry reciprocate eventually. It does not help that the united States government is advising all US citizens to not travel to Japan for now, but after a few years things will all get better. This situation can be compared to that after Taiwan;s. After Taiwan received the K to allow travelers in and it was nationally announced, their tourism economy improved tremendously. It may and probably will take a significant more amount of time for this to happen, but it is inevitable that it ill. If New York Citys tourist economy was able to bounce back after the terrorist attacks of September 1 1 the, any countryÃ'Å¡s tourism economy should be able to bounce back. It is the very beginning stages of rebuilding for Japan, but there is definitely hope for the future. Market Rebuilding After a natural disaster has struck a certain area, it is very difficult to get everything back to normal again. In most cases, the part that takes one of the biggest hits is the tourism sector Of the economy. Tourists will obviously not be inclined to travel somewhere disaster has struck, whether it is out of fear of happening gain or even for their own personal safety. A lot of people just do not think it is worth the risk. The combination of the area as a whole losing their tourism market and needing to rebuild, it seems like it is impossible to get everything back to normalÃ'Å¡. However, Louisiana is a great example of how there is hope to rebuild their economy. Hurricane Strain struck Louisiana in 2004 and caused much destruction to their landscape and their people, especially because New Orleans offered such a different and culturally rich tourist destination. The Monthly Labor Review quotes, Tourism had been one of the right spots in the New Orleans economy. Pre-Strain, the tourism economy was booming 8 | Page of Natural Disasters and on the Tourism and Hospitality Industry and provided numerous amounts of jobs for New Orleans locals. After Strain, it has been studied by the Monthly Labor Review and confirmed that the tourism market lost the most amount of jobs out of all the industries in New Orleans. Although the tourism industry may have taken one of the biggest hits after Strain, they have done an excellent job with rebuilding it. After the devastation of Hurricane Strain, there was lots of help to rebuild the cities ND make everything back to normal. They launched a new ad campaign with the slogan Fall in love with Louisiana all over again. This is a heartwarming slogan that is aiming for visitors to not be afraid to come back and that everything is pretty much back to normal. A new addition to their tourist options post Strain was to offer tours to the devastated parts that were hit by the hurricane. This is a strategic approach to bring in more money for rebuilding, the tourists see the devastation and then feel bad and then give money. They were in need of lots of visitors in order to jump start the economy.

10 Facts About Chromosomes

10 Facts About Chromosomes Chromosomes are cell components that are composed of DNA and located within the nucleus of our cells. The DNA of a chromosome is so long, that it must be wrapped around proteins called histones and coiled into loops of chromatin in order for them to be able to fit within our cells. The DNA comprising chromosomes consists of thousands of genes that determine everything about an individual. This includes sex determination and inherited traits such as eye color, dimples, and freckles. Discover ten interesting facts about chromosomes. 1) Bacteria Have Circular Chromosomes Unlike the thread-like linear strands of chromosomes found in eukaryotic cells, chromosomes in prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, typically consist of a single circular chromosome. Since prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus, this circular chromosome is found in the cell cytoplasm. 2) Chromosome Numbers Vary Among Organisms Organisms have a set number of chromosomes per cell. That number varies across different species and is on average between 10 to 50 total chromosomes per cell. Diploid human cells have a total of 46 chromosomes (44 autosomes, 2 sex chromosomes). A cat has 38, lily 24, gorilla 48, cheetah 38, starfish 36, king crab 208, shrimp 254, mosquito 6, turkey 82, frog 26, and E.coli bacterium 1. In orchids, chromosome numbers vary from 10 to 250 across species. The adders-tongue fern (Ophioglossum reticulatum) has the most number of total chromosomes with 1,260. 3) Chromosomes Determine Whether You are Male or Female Male gametes or sperm cells in humans and other mammals contain one of two types of sex chromosomes: X or Y. Female gametes or eggs, however, contain only the X sex chromosome, so if a sperm cell containing an X chromosome fertilizes, the resulting zygote will be XX, or female. Alternatively, if the sperm cell contains a Y chromosome, than the resulting zygote will be XY, or male. 4) X Chromosomes Are Bigger Than Y Chromosomes Y chromosomes are about one-third the size of X chromosomes. The X chromosome represents about 5% of the total DNA in cells, while the Y chromosome represents about 2% of a cells total DNA. 5) Not All Organisms Have Sex Chromosomes Did you know that not all organisms have sex chromosomes? Organisms such as wasps, bees, and ants do not have sex chromosomes. Sex is therefore determined by fertilization. If an egg becomes fertilized, it will develop into a male. Unfertilized eggs develop into females. This type of asexual reproduction is a form of parthenogenesis. 6) Human Chromosomes Contain Viral DNA Did you know that about 8% of your DNA comes from a virus? According to researchers, this percentage of DNA is derived from viruses known as Borna viruses. These viruses infect the neurons of humans, birds and other mammals, leading to infection of the brain. Borna virus reproduction occurs in the nucleus of infected cells. Viral genes that are replicated in infected cells can become integrated into chromosomes of sex cells. When this occurs, the viral DNA is passed from parent to offspring. It is thought that Borna virus could be responsible for certain psychiatric and neurological illness in humans. 7) Chromosome Telomeres are Linked to Aging and Cancer Telomeres are areas of DNA located at the ends of chromosomes. They are protective caps that stabilize DNA during cell replication. Over time, telomeres wear down and become shortened. When they become too short, the cell can no longer divide. Telomere shortening is linked to the aging process as it can trigger apoptosis or programmed cell death. Telomere shortening is also associated with cancer cell development. 8) Cells Dont Repair Chromosome Damage During Mitosis Cells shut off DNA repair processes during cell division. This is because a dividing cell does not recognize the difference between damaged DNA stands and telomeres. Repairing DNA during mitosis could cause telomere fusion, which may result in cell death or chromosome abnormalities. 9) Males Have Increased X Chromosome Activity Because males have a single X chromosome, it is necessary for cells at times to increase gene activity on the X chromosome. The protein complex MSL helps to up-regulate or increase gene expression on the X chromosome by helping the enzyme RNA polymerase II to transcribe DNA and express more of the X chromosome genes. With the help of the MSL complex, RNA polymerase II is able to travel further along the DNA strand during transcription, thereby causing more genes to be expressed. 10) There Are Two Main Types of Chromosome Mutations Chromosome mutations sometimes occur and can be categorized into two main types: mutations that cause structural changes and mutations that cause changes in chromosome numbers. Chromosome breakage and duplications can cause several types of chromosome structural changes including gene deletions (loss of genes), gene duplications (extra genes), and gene inversions (broken chromosome segment is reversed and inserted back into the chromosome). Mutations can also cause an individual to have an abnormal number of chromosomes. This type of mutation occurs during meiosis and causes cells to have either too many or not enough chromosomes. Down syndrome or Trisomy 21 results from the presence of an additional chromosome on autosomal chromosome 21. Sources: Chromosome. UXL Encyclopedia of Science. 2002. Encyclopedia.com. 16 Dec. 2015.Chromosome Numbers For Living Organisms. Alchemipedia. Accessed 16 Dec. 2015.X chromosome Genetics Home Reference. Reviewed January 2012. Y chromosome Genetics Home Reference. Reviewed January 2010.

Biotech benifits drought and salinity resistant crops

Biotech benifits drought and salinity resistant crops A study released March 14 concluded that more than 500,000 people could die due to the effects of climate change on food production. And it isn’t the first warning. This headline comes after a 2013 report from the U.S. Department of Agriculture saying that climate change could devastate agriculture. The warming climate, the report explained, could lead to dramatic increases in weeds, pests, and diseases. Other scientists have said the change in frequency and severity of extreme weather events (like heat waves, droughts, and floods) could lead to lower yields.â€Å"we’re going to end up in a situation where we have a multitude of things happening that are going to negatively impact crop production†, said Jerry Hatfield, a USDA plant physiologist. At the same time our climate is changing, our population is growing quickly: We’ll need to feed an estimated 9.7 billion people by 2050.Biotech crops, designed to withstand the effects of climate change, are one tool that could help us meet the challenge of feeding more people in a changing world. Here’s how: Drought-tolerant corn: This corn variety, available in the United States, was specifically designed for dry, drought-like conditions. These plants still need water, but they have been engineered to protect farmer’s yields in moderate drought years. A public-private partnership in Africa is now working to develop a drought-tolerant variety specifically designed for the continent. It’s estimated that better corn varieties could increase yields by 20 to 35 percent in food-insecure communities. Hyper-efficient, drought-resistant rice: Scientists in the UK are using genetic engineering to change the photosynthesis process in rice. The new variety could double water efficiency and increase tolerance to warmer temperatures. It could increase productivity up to 50 percent, and it has been called â€Å"one of humanity’s best chances for ending world hunger.†Salinity-tolerant crops: Climate change is expected to make river water (which is used for irrigation) saltie r. Scientists are experimenting with genetically modified wheat and barley that will be able to withstand higher levels of salt in water. In addition to allowing farmers to grow food in changing conditions, these varieties would free up more fresh water for drinking. Biotech crops won’t just help with climate change adaptation in the future; they’re also helping to mitigate climate change right now. Biotech crops make it easier for farmers to practice no-till farming. It’s a way of farming without plowing the soil. This means carbon stays in the soil and is not released into the atmosphere. Insect-resistant crops need fewer pesticide sprays, leading to less use of tractors and the fuel they need. In 2010, the use of biotech crops helped remove 19.4 billion kilograms of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, almost the same as taking 8.6 million cars off the road for a year. So while climate change certainly poses a threat to agriculture, we have an important tool to mitigate and adapt. Biotech is part of the solution. Specially designed crops will be one more tool in the toolkit for feeding a hungry, growing population in warming world.

Economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Economic - Essay Example Price is deterrent to consumers’ consumption spending but serves as a motivation for the producers and sellers at the same time. However, their behaviors tend to vary on the responsiveness to price changes or elasticity of the goods and services in question and can be influenced by several factors present in the economy. In the end, rationality will be the guiding principle for both the consumers and the producers in making economic decisions. This paper tries to examine the factors related to changes in price of beef and the behaviors of both consumers and suppliers of beef towards it. In analyzing price elasticity of the demand and supply of beef, discussions on market price, determinants of price elasticity of demand and supply were also made. Related articles on demand and supply of food and grains like corn are utilized to achieve the goal of producing an intelligent analysis of the issues reflected in the article. And for better understanding of some of these economic co ncepts, illustrated graphs were also used to help in serving the purpose. 3. Analysis A. Market Price One of the economic goals that are widely, if not accepted in our society and in many others is the price level stability (McConnell and Brue 1993). This goal aims to avoid the sizable upswings or downswings in the general price level. In a microeconomic perspective, this goal is reached when changes in the market prices are manageable and don’t hurt consumers and producers that much. As price is the quantity of money paid by the buyers or consumers and received by the sellers or producers for a unit of good or service, it is very important for it to be stable.We need to analyze market prices to extend our understanding of demand and supply and to see the relative efficiency of these in allocating resources. A rise or fall in market prices will have a corresponding effect or impact to the people in the economy. In the article, the rise in beef price inflicted by high corn pri ces, more exports to protein-hungry nations and the market forces of supply and demand, is causing a pain being felt by beef lovers nationwide. But since some customers like Beth Belling from Omaha are carnivore, they have to have their beef even if hurts them a little more. Retailers are also affected by the increasing beef price but they reported that they are absorbing some of the cost increases— as much as $1 a pound for many cuts of beef — to keep consumers buying. Ruth Comer, a spokeswoman for West Des Moines-based Hy-Vee Supermarkets, said that they try to flatten out the price curve as much as they can so the customers don’t experience sticker shock when they come in store. They also believe that passing price increases along is going to prompt customers to pull back and stop buying or look elsewhere. Restaurant operators also say that higher prices of beef squeeze their finances as they become reluctant to raise menu prices. B. Price Elasticity of Deman d and Supply The responsiveness of supply and demand to any change in price is measured by the price elasticity. It is expressed as the ratio of the percentage change in the quantity demanded and supplied to the percentage change in price. This value will help us determine the degree of elasticity that a product’s demand or supply can have. The degree of elasticity, classified as elastic, inelastic, or unit elastic, will tell us the nature of the product (McConnell and Brue 1993). 1. Price Elasticity

Goldilocks Zone Properties Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Goldilocks Zone Properties - Research Paper Example According to a NASA journal titled â€Å"The Goldilocks Zone†, the Goldilocks Zone is very big. The journal also talks about researchers who are trying to extend the regions of the Zone by looking for signs of life in distant planets. Research shows that there are certain organisms that prefer acidic conditions and some that swim in hot boiling water. The journal goes on to talk about ecosystems that have been discovered where the sun never reaches, and there is very hot water enough to melt metal. This means that the Goldilocks zone is very big, and covers areas that might be considered uninhabitable. The aim of this paper is to give a detailed account of the properties of the Goldilocks Zone. One of the Goldilocks zone properties is the presence of liquid water on the surface of the planets (Brian, 2011). The only planet known to contain large water bodies on its surface is the earth and this is where water exists in its liquid form rather than ice (Davies, pp 129-150). Ocea ns, lakes and rivers are surface water bodies which sustain lives of animals that live in water and also humans on earth. Water in the Goldilocks zone should not be too hot to evaporate or too cold to freeze, therefore, in case water evaporates or freezes, all life will vanish. Since earth is at the centre of the Zone, it has a constant water surface whereby the water does not become too hot or too cold to sustain life. Mars is considered to be on the cold side of the zone while Venus is on the hot side hence these two planets are not habitable since their water surface is irregular. Water is able to sustain life by: Transporting materials around the human and animal body and it can resist frequent changes in temperature therefore offering a favorable environment for aquatic animals. Planets with a hydrogen atmosphere such as earth can maintain water flowing no matter the distance from the sun. Once water freezes or boils and lost into space, all earthly life will be lost. Liquid wa ter is a vital property for a region to be classified under the Goldilocks Zone (Brian, 2011). Position to a star determines whether or not a planet has liquid water (Brian, 2011). According to Brian, a star’s energy output, gravitational pull, and size determine the location of the Goldilocks Zone. Compared to other liquids, water has unique properties which make it essential for life (Davies, pp85-103). Oceans and lakes do not freeze rock solid because water expands when it freezes. According to Davies, ice floats on liquid water, and aquatic animals are able to live on the water below. Water can dissolve many substances and it takes a lot of energy to change its temperature. This means that when a region experiences hot temperature, water remains moderately cool, hence sustaining life. Therefore, presence of water in the Goldilocks zone is a fundamental property, since it is able to sustain life during the cold and hot conditions (Davies, pp85-103). As earlier mentioned, E arth falls under the Goldilocks Zone, and the presence of water on Earth gives it its relatively moderate type of weather. Temperature is another property of the Goldilocks Zone and is chiefly affected by climate as the Earth rotates. The orbit of the Earth is circular so when it orbits around the zone, it enables the temperatures to remain steady. This is contrary to planets such as Venus which has an