Edict Of Mil A Roman Emperor From 306-337 Ad - 941 Words

Edict of Milan Constantine the Great was a Roman Emperor from 306-337 AD. He was a soldier who arduously worked to climb through the ranks, working through a civil war to become emperor. He is most famous for establishing a new capital where Byzantium once was, and named the new establishment â€Å"Constantinople.† However, Constantine is most famous for becoming Roman Emperor who converted to Christianity in his forties. His mother, Helen, was a Christian and ultimately decided to convert after believing that the Christian god had helped him in his success though the war. He enacted the Edict of Milan in the third century with his co-emperor Licinius, and officially declared Christianity legal. This document was one of the most significant and important writings of the time because it declares that Christians could freely practice religion. This document ultimately opened up many windows and opportunities for people to openly practice Christianity and prohibited people being subject to persecution. When Constantine converted, he made the religion much more known and a religion of the powerful. This made Christianity the official religion of the empire. Many Christians opted for pacifism and martyrdom as a way to cope with their persecutors, but now Christians had an access to armies, swords, and an endless supply of resources. Many had issues with Christianity and believed that those who supported or practiced it should be killed. The most known case is the emperor

Example of Hypothesis - 5164 Words

CLASSROOM BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS OF FRESHMEN BSHRM STUDENTS OF OLFU IN RELATION TO LECTURE PERFORMANCE Presented to the faculty of the College of The Hospitality and Institutional Management and The College of Arts and Science Our Lady of Fatima University Quezon City In Partial Fulfillment of The requirements in HRES 1 (Research Methodology) By Espejo, Avy Anne Leyson, Elenor A Nucup, Fernando Jr. L Oliver, Joann M. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Foremost, the researchers would like to express their deepest gratitude to the Lord and savior Jesus Christ, who made this thing possible, to him to be glory and honor. The researchers wish to express their gratitude to their Professor, Dr. Enolita Faustino†¦show more content†¦The study will answer the following questions: 1. What are the profiles of the respondents in terms of: 1.1 age 1.2 gender 2. What are the common behavioral problems of the respondents during their lecture classes? 3. What is the lecture performance of the respondents? 4 .Is there significant relationship between profile and lecture performance of the respondents? Hypothesis There is no significant relationship between the profile of respondents and the behavioral problems during lecture. Significance of the Study The beneficiaries of this study are the school management, students, researchers, and future researchers. School management School Management will able to examine and determine the factors that may lead to behavioral problems, so they can make preventive or corrective actions. Researchers Researchers will able to know the relationship of behavioral problems on the lecture performance of students and to develop the mental skills for problem-solving analysis. Students Students would be gain knowledge and it will serve as the basis of understanding on how to manage and avoid behavioral problems. Future researchers Future researchers will develop other possible insights and more advanced strategies in gathering data. it would motivate those who aspire to conduct deeper and rigorous study about preference of common behavioral problems of BSHRM students towards lectureShow MoreRelatedHypothesis and Research Question Essay example543 Words   |  3 Pagesthe approach is non-numerical and analyses special phenomena that occur in nature. Quantitative research on the other hand is more of a systematic approach with measurable numerical quantities that go through analysis to prove a hypothesis. Finally, the research hypothesis is either approved or disapproved with regards to the results of the analysis (Laureate Online Education B.V. 2010). Hypotheses differ from research questions in that, they are predictions that researchers come up with about variablesRead MoreStatistics for Bi - Hypothesis Testing1672 Words   |  7 PagesStatistics for Business Intelligence – Hypothe sis Testing Index: 1. What is Hypothesis testing in Business Intelligence terms? 2. Define - â€Å"Statistical Hypothesis Testing† – â€Å"Inferences in Business† – and â€Å"Predictive Analysis† 3. Importance of Hypothesis Testing in Business with Examples 4. Statistical Methods to perform Hypothesis Testing in Business Intelligence 5. Identify Statistical variables required to compute Hypothesis testing. a. Correlate computing thoseRead MoreWhy People Test Hypotheses?999 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Hypotheses Introduction A hypothesis is a statement that predicts the outcome of an experiment or research. Every experiment must have a hypothesis statement which shows the aim of an experiment. It is usually an educated guess and indicates the expectations of a researcher. Carrying out a number of experiments, can either approve or disapprove a hypothesis(Moschopoulos Davidson, 1985). A hypothesis is formed after literature study has been finished and the problem of the study stated. ThereRead MoreHypothesis Testing Is The Process Of Which An Analyst May Test A Statistical Hypothesis?1234 Words   |  5 PagesHypothesis Testing Paper Monica Gschwind PSY 315 June 8, 2015 Judith Geske Hypothesis testing is the process in which an analyst may test a statistical hypothesis. The methodology used by the analyst is based on the nature of the data used and the main goals of the analysis. The main goal in this is to either reject or accept the null hypothesis. Through testing, results will show that someone who may prove one answer, may not mean that answer is actually correct, for there may beRead MoreWriting Paper837 Words   |  4 PagesWhat are the latest research findings on physical educations impact on other areas of learning? What is the physiology involved? Research questions and hypothesis are tools used in similar ways for different research methods. Both hypothesis and research questions are written before research begins and are used to help guide the research. Hypothesis are used in deductive research, where researchers use logic and scientific findings to either prove or disprove assumptions. Heuristic research is basedRead MoreThe Value Hypothesis Is A Motivational Model1258 Words   |  6 PagesThe value hypothesis is a motivational model that endeavors to clarifies the relationship between what a worker puts into their employment; what they receive in return and the decency and equity that is traded between the two. The inputs incorporates all the elements that are seen as to get an arrival, for example, exertion, reliability, diligent work, responsibility, abilities, capacity, adaptability ,resistance, determination, heart, soul, energy and trust that the worker and individual considerationRead MoreOverthrow By Stephen Kinz er s Overthrow914 Words   |  4 PagesPuerto Rico, Iraq, etc. The book uses these examples to argue that a strong nation strikes against a weaker one because â€Å"it seeks to impose its ideology, increase its power, or gain control of valuable resources.† The author of Overthrow did a phenomenal job of proving his thesis statement through his examples and making the book suitable for the audience. One of the hypotheses is that the United States is unfit to rule foreign lands. This hypothesis is drawn from the text without being blatantlyRead MoreThe Matrix As Metaphysics By David Chalmers1212 Words   |  5 Pagesthe â€Å"Brain in a Vat† hypothesis with, what he calls, the Matrix hypothesis. The two hypotheses are practically equivalent, the only differences being that the Matrix hypothesis predicts a virtual, computerized world rather than the imaginary world which the â€Å"Brain in the Vat† hypothesis predicts. After this substitution, Chalmers goes on to argue that, if man is computerized, then there may be some creator, outside of their spacetime, who built said computer (Creation Hypothesis). He then says thatRead MoreNull Hypothesis1027 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Accept† the Null Hypothesis by Keith M. Bower, M.S. and James A. Colton, M.S. Reprinted with permission from the American Society for Quality When performing statistical hypothesis tests such as a one-sample t-test or the AndersonDarling test for normality, an investigator will either reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis, based upon sampled data. Frequently, results in Six Sigma projects contain the verbiage â€Å"accept the null hypothesis,† which implies that the null hypothesis has been provenRead MoreThe Efficient Market Hypothesis Theory Essay984 Words   |  4 PagesFinance Investment and Analysis Question 1 The efficient market hypothesis theory states that it is impossible to â€Å"beat the market† because of the stock market efficiency causes the existing share prices to reflect all relevant information. Critically evaluate the above statement with reference to the three forms efficient market hypothesis. The efficient market hypothesis ‘is a theory of stock prices which suggests that the market as a whole tends to find the best price for stocks all the time

Stuttering Paper Free Essays

According to Singular’s Pocket Dictionary of Speech-Language Pathology â€Å"stuttering is an articulatory or phonatory problem that typically presents in childhood and is characterized by anxiety about the efficacy of spoken communication, along with forced, involuntary hesitation, duplication, and protraction of sounds and syllables. † Stuttering can be witnessed in the rate, pitch, inflection, and even facial expressions of a speaker. The cause of this problem is not set in stone, which leads to countless theories as to why people stutter. We will write a custom essay sample on Stuttering Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Along with numerous theories as to why people have this disorder, there are also limitless treatment methods that can be used to help a speaker with a stuttering problem. Stuttering has been a controversial topic among professionals for hundreds of years, and we are still learning what works and what does not work for this curious disorder. The etiology of stuttering is not certain to this day. Many professionals are torn between the psychological and neurological theories as to why people stutter. There are many theories which explain stuttering as a psychosomatic problem that can be dealt with by using psychotherapy. The â€Å"Repressed Need† hypothesis explains that stuttering is a neurotic symptom which is fixed in the unconscious. The repressed need is said to come from a longing for either oral or anal gratification. The stutterer is able to satisfy their anal erotic needs by the â€Å"holding back of words that may represent a hostile expulsion and retention of feces. † This theory is closely related to Freud’s Oral and Anal stages. Some theorists believe that stuttering is caused by the â€Å"Anticipatory struggle†. The anticipatory struggle hypothesis explains that p63 â€Å"stutterers interfere in some manner with the way they are talking because of their belief in the difficulty of speech. † The stutterer is so frightened of making a mistake during speech they in turn avoid, brake, or interject their words and sentences. Stuttering is thought to be a variant disorder, meaning it can affect a person in certain situations that bring them great anxiety or fear. Using a phone and speaking in front of a group of people are examples of this . Although many signs point to a psychological explanation for stuttering, genetic and neurological problems have also been tied to stuttering. Early theorists, like the Roman physicians believed stuttering was related to an imbalance of the â€Å"four humors†, and humoral balance treatments were used to treat stuttering until the late eighteenth century. A more modern explanation of a neurological problem that causes stuttering would be the â€Å"cerebral dominance theory†, that explains conflict between the two hemispheres of the brain is the cause of stuttering. Stuttering has many different types of specified dysfluencies. Although there are hesitations and interruptions found in all speakers, the disfluency found in stutterers seems to be more severe. There are several forms of dysfluencies when dealing with stuttering including interjections, repetitions, and revisions. A stutterer can encompass one or many dysfluencies ranging from minor incidents to very extreme episodes of stuttering. Interjections occur frequently in both fluent speakers and dysfluent speakers. An interjection occurs with the speaker uses â€Å"uh† or â€Å"er† while speaking. Repetitions also are common for stutterers. Repetitions can occur in part of the word ,† wh wh what† in the entire word, â€Å"what what what† and in phrases, â€Å" what do what do what do you want? † Revisions during sentences such as,†I was, I am going† also happen often, along with broken words; I was t—alking, and prolonged sounds like the â€Å"wa† sound in what are also usual in stuttering. Like other speech disorders, stuttering mainly occurs in children who show no evidence of having any other type of disorder. Stuttering comes in many shapes and forms and can be slight to extremely severe, making the all characteristics of this disorder always subject to change. Stutterers encompass hesitation, interruption, revisions, broken words, and prolonged sounds in their speech making it hard for people to follow. While most of the characteristics of a stutterer are only apparent when listening to them speak, there are also many secondary characteristics a stutterer may have. The secondary characteristics vary from person to person, however most of them occur in the face or hand motions. Visible characteristics include tension in the face, which can be seen when the speaker is talking and their face seems to turn sour and flushed. Stutterers also may frown, jerk their head, move their eyes erratically, or wrinkle their foreheads during a speech interruption. Stutterers show secondary characteristics in their hand movements and gestures as well. When stutterers feel tension which is usually caused by frustration of speech, they sometimes react by waving their arms and hands. This can sometimes help the stutterer to get out a word, phrase or sound they are trying to express. Vocal abnormalities are also present in some stutterers, including abnormal inflections in tone, and sharp pitch level shifts. A person can begin to stutter at any time, however most cases are recorded at a young age; most frequently between the ages of two through six. An estimated fifteen million individuals world wide, including three million Americans stutter. A child can be diagnosed from eighteen months, when words starts to progress into more fluent speech. The median age of onset according to a study done by Daley (1955); which included fifty young stutterers recorded that the median age of onset was 3. 87. Occurrence becomes less frequent with age, and seems to be tied to the development of language. Although there are millions of stutterers in the United States most of them will â€Å"recover† by adulthood. According to Andrews and Harris’s (1964) research that included 1,000 stutterers; 79% of children will stop stuttering by the age of sixteen. Boys are three times more likely to develop a stutter then a girl would according to the 3-1 ratio concluded by â€Å"US Nationwide, 1-12† Hull el at (1976). Assessing a stuttering disorder can be done in many ways including, recognizing the frequency of the specified disfluency type, calculating the mean duration of stuttering, speech rate, and articulation of the person’s speech. When measuring the frequency of the stutter, the speech pathologist can try to account the percentage of moments of stuttered words or syllables. This is a popular way of diagnosing a stutter, since it is easily reportable. Speech pathologists can use electronic counters to measure the number of syllables stuttered during a speech session. A speech pathologist can also evaluate a patient by checking their speech rate. Checking a speech rate is done by the examination of abnormalities in the respiration, like disordered breathing, and phonation, such as breath holding. A professional can also make assumptions on a patient by listening to how long a stuttering block lasts for. An average duration of a stuttering block is one second, and in some severe cases of stuttering a block can last for an entire minute. When dealing with the treatment of a speech disorder like stuttering, the patient has many options, which may or may not work for them. Since stuttering usually begins at a young age, behavior therapy has been a popular method of treatment that may halt the progression of stuttering in children. In behavior therapy for early stutterers, the clinician can recommend the child to speak slower and smoother by teaching them a relaxed pattern of speech. Modeling and mimicking are excellent ways to help a child with a stutter to over come their impediment. Psychotherapy is another modern way of treatment among professionals. Psychoanalytical therapy can help the stutterer to over come their anxieties of speech, and give them the confidence that they lack. Speech therapists play a role in the treatment of stuttering by helping the patient modify their speech patterns. It seems that most stutters are able to talk in song, so the speech pathologist can teach the patient to speak rhythmically. Helping a person speak rhythmically can be taught by using hand and finger movements to assist the stutterer â€Å"move along† their fluency. While this is an effective treatment for stuttering, some patients might relapse and their learned hand movements become useless and the learned tendency can then become an abnormal secondary characteristic. Although the effectiveness of therapy is unclear, the patient has the option of many treatments, and eventually a stutterer may find something that will work for them or as in many cases, the person might recover spontaneously. Stuttering is classified as a speech disorder, however there is much more to this disorder that meets the eye. Researchers are still trying to pinpoint the exact cause of stuttering but one thing they can all agree on is that the emotional pain a person with a stutter lives with can affect them for the rest of their lives, even after the disorder subsides. Aside from the anxiety, shame, and fear that go along with this speech problem, many people go ahead to live seemingly normal lives. Through out history there have been countless successful individuals who stutter, ranging from Winston Churchill to James Earl Jones which goes to show that while stuttering can be difficult to overcome it does not deter a person from reaching their fullest potential. How to cite Stuttering Paper, Papers

Untitled Essay Research Paper One day a free essay sample

Untitled Essay, Research Paper One twenty-four hours, a adult female called herself? Want the Truth in Westport? wrote to a editorialist with a inquiry that she had to hold the answered. ? Please happen out for certain, ? she begged the editorialist, ? whether or non Oprah Winfrey has had a facelift. ? The editorialist refused to reply the inquiry for Ms. Winfrey? s privateness. I? m disturbed by this incident. I think it? s truly atrocious to be a famous person because he or she is ever in the public eyes. Because they are famous persons, they have excessively small privateness, excessively much force per unit area, and no safety. They have really nerve-racking lives.Probably the most good known consequence of being famous persons is that they wear? Ts have the privateness that normal people have. Their most personal item lives are all over the forepart of pages of the Globe so that world-weary people can read them. We will write a custom essay sample on Untitled Essay Research Paper One day a or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Even a famous person? s household is put into the limelight. Like a teenage boy? s apprehension for pot ownership or a married woman? s imbibing job becomes the topic of headlines. Besides, famous persons are hounded by lensmans at places, eating houses, and streets. Those lensmans merely hope to acquire a image of a Cindy Crawford in rollers or a Bruce Wills imbibing a beer. When famous persons try to make something that normal people do, like eat out or go to to watch a football game, they have to run the hazard of being interrupted by car graph hounds or fans.The fact that celebrities? physical appearance is always under observation caused them under constant pressure. Especially for those famous women who have to suffer from the people?s spotlight, like ?she really looks old? or the ? she puts on weight?. Moreover, photographers want to get unflattering pictures of celebrities because they can be sold by a high prize. Therefore, this increases the pressure to force celebrities to look good all the timeThe most important effect of being celebrities is they must deal with the stress of being in constant danger. Those friendly grabs, hugs, and kisses of fans can quickly into uncontrolled assaults on celebrities? bodies and cars. Celebrities often get strange letters from people who become obsessed with them or from people who threaten to hurt them. Worst of all, threats can turn into real to hurt celebrities. The attempt to kill Ronald Reagan and the murder of John Lennon is because two people tried to transfer the celebrity?s fame t o themselves.Some people dream of being celebrities, and their names in light, and their pictures on the cover of magazines. I?m not one of them, though. A famous person gives up private life, feels pressured all the time, and is never completely safe. Therefore, let someone else have that cover story. I?d rather lead a normal, but clam, life than a stress-filled celebrity.

The Impacts of Natural Disasters on the Tourism Industry Essay Example

The Impacts of Natural Disasters on the Tourism Industry Paper Taiwan Earthquake of 1991 Perhaps the most serious of earthquakes in Taiwan[ls history struck in September of 1991. Tourism Management Magazine stated that the tourism economy took the hardest hit after the traumatic events Of the earthquake, and especially the international tourist economy. Major tourist attractions like National Palace Museum and Chiffon were ruined by the earthquakes. The National Palace is a place of rich cultural irritate and the Chiffon are walking paths with beautiful scenery. It was not solely Taiwan structural damage that hurt the tourism economy, however; it was also all of the negative media coverage. The media portrayed Taiwan to be in horrible condition and said Taiwan lost all of its beauty. The reason media companies blow everything out of proportion is so their companies get more attention, not everything they actually say is true. In order for Taiwan to mitigate the severe circumstances the media put them in they put a plan in to action to reinvigorate their tourism economy. This plan included sending out undress of representatives all over the world to personally give interviews on TaiwanÃ'Å¡s current state. Taiwan also invited corporate touring agencies to personally take tours of the current state Taiwan was in. They also gave projections of when everything would be tourist ready. This helped Taiwan out tremendously because they 5 | Page of Natural Disasters and on the Tourism and Hospitality Industry didnt give those corporate agencies a chance to forget about their tourism industry. Also, the city of Taipei holds a Taipei International Travel Fair each year. We will write a custom essay sample on The Impacts of Natural Disasters on the Tourism Industry specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Impacts of Natural Disasters on the Tourism Industry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Impacts of Natural Disasters on the Tourism Industry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This fair has hundreds of vendors and booths set up with tourism professionals. It is a four day fair and right after the tragic events of the earthquake Taiwan successfully held the fair. The fair attracted over 60,000 visitors and became a huge success. This obviously worked wonders for the both the tourism industry of Taiwan and the international tourist industry of Taiwan. Another huge help for the Taiwanese tourism industry is the commercial that CNN ran in Asia and all over North America promoting their annual Johnnie Walker Classic Golf Tournament. The slogan during the commercial was After the quake, Taiwan goes on. This helped immensely bring in international tourists and business people. The commercial was mainly showed in Japan because that is Taiwan]s major source of inbound tourism. Taiwan]s market segment was right on target because after these ads were shown their international tourism improved drastically. The Taiwanese government provided a substantial amount of aid to the tourism sector by coming up with plans to help rebuild major tourist attractions that were ruined by the earthquake. Human of Tourism Management Magazine states, The government played a significant role to help bring facilities in scenic areas back into operation efficiently. They allowed for tourism companies in earth quake stricken areas o apply for low interest loans to big time banks, especially The Bank of China. Once the major areas of tourism were approved to be safely traveled to by tourists, there was a national announcement made. This also helped the inbound 6 | Page of Natural Disasters and on the Tourism and Hospitality Industry tourist flow grow. Another helpful contribution that was made was a significant discount in tickets to get to Taiwan to Japanese and Chinese travelers, two of their biggest inbound markets. This also gave significant help to the inbound tourist rate. The Taiwan tourism economy today seems to be doing better Han ever. They have rebuilt themselves. They are considered a must see destination in Asia and seem to be flourishing tremendously. Japan Earthquake of 2011 Just recently in March of 2011 Japan experienced a horrible earthquake that was similar to Taiwan]s earthquake of 1 991. However, Japans earthquake was a lot worse measuring a whopping 9. 0 on the Richter scale. It is truly a shame that this happened to Japan at this time because BBC stated, the Asia Pacific region was expected to drive the global tourism industry in 2011 BBC also forecasted nine million tourists to pay a trip to Japan this year. This obviously cannot happen anymore because of the amount of damage the earthquake wreaked on Japan. On top of the structural damage caused to Japan, a gas leak in the Fuchsia nuclear power plant has caused radiation levels to sky rocket. These harmful radiation levels have caused an evacuation to the area around the power plant, which means there will be more of a detrimental impact on the tourism industry than there already is. No one will be willing to risk traveling to Japan for a vacation while due to the skyrocketed radiation levels. However, all hope is not lost for Japan and its tourism economy. The good deeds that Japan did or Taiwan tourism economy in their time of trouble and helplessness will 7 | page of Natural Disasters and on the Tourism and Hospitality Industry reciprocate eventually. It does not help that the united States government is advising all US citizens to not travel to Japan for now, but after a few years things will all get better. This situation can be compared to that after Taiwan;s. After Taiwan received the K to allow travelers in and it was nationally announced, their tourism economy improved tremendously. It may and probably will take a significant more amount of time for this to happen, but it is inevitable that it ill. If New York Citys tourist economy was able to bounce back after the terrorist attacks of September 1 1 the, any countryÃ'Å¡s tourism economy should be able to bounce back. It is the very beginning stages of rebuilding for Japan, but there is definitely hope for the future. Market Rebuilding After a natural disaster has struck a certain area, it is very difficult to get everything back to normal again. In most cases, the part that takes one of the biggest hits is the tourism sector Of the economy. Tourists will obviously not be inclined to travel somewhere disaster has struck, whether it is out of fear of happening gain or even for their own personal safety. A lot of people just do not think it is worth the risk. The combination of the area as a whole losing their tourism market and needing to rebuild, it seems like it is impossible to get everything back to normalÃ'Å¡. However, Louisiana is a great example of how there is hope to rebuild their economy. Hurricane Strain struck Louisiana in 2004 and caused much destruction to their landscape and their people, especially because New Orleans offered such a different and culturally rich tourist destination. The Monthly Labor Review quotes, Tourism had been one of the right spots in the New Orleans economy. Pre-Strain, the tourism economy was booming 8 | Page of Natural Disasters and on the Tourism and Hospitality Industry and provided numerous amounts of jobs for New Orleans locals. After Strain, it has been studied by the Monthly Labor Review and confirmed that the tourism market lost the most amount of jobs out of all the industries in New Orleans. Although the tourism industry may have taken one of the biggest hits after Strain, they have done an excellent job with rebuilding it. After the devastation of Hurricane Strain, there was lots of help to rebuild the cities ND make everything back to normal. They launched a new ad campaign with the slogan Fall in love with Louisiana all over again. This is a heartwarming slogan that is aiming for visitors to not be afraid to come back and that everything is pretty much back to normal. A new addition to their tourist options post Strain was to offer tours to the devastated parts that were hit by the hurricane. This is a strategic approach to bring in more money for rebuilding, the tourists see the devastation and then feel bad and then give money. They were in need of lots of visitors in order to jump start the economy.

10 Facts About Chromosomes

10 Facts About Chromosomes Chromosomes are cell components that are composed of DNA and located within the nucleus of our cells. The DNA of a chromosome is so long, that it must be wrapped around proteins called histones and coiled into loops of chromatin in order for them to be able to fit within our cells. The DNA comprising chromosomes consists of thousands of genes that determine everything about an individual. This includes sex determination and inherited traits such as eye color, dimples, and freckles. Discover ten interesting facts about chromosomes. 1) Bacteria Have Circular Chromosomes Unlike the thread-like linear strands of chromosomes found in eukaryotic cells, chromosomes in prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, typically consist of a single circular chromosome. Since prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus, this circular chromosome is found in the cell cytoplasm. 2) Chromosome Numbers Vary Among Organisms Organisms have a set number of chromosomes per cell. That number varies across different species and is on average between 10 to 50 total chromosomes per cell. Diploid human cells have a total of 46 chromosomes (44 autosomes, 2 sex chromosomes). A cat has 38, lily 24, gorilla 48, cheetah 38, starfish 36, king crab 208, shrimp 254, mosquito 6, turkey 82, frog 26, and E.coli bacterium 1. In orchids, chromosome numbers vary from 10 to 250 across species. The adders-tongue fern (Ophioglossum reticulatum) has the most number of total chromosomes with 1,260. 3) Chromosomes Determine Whether You are Male or Female Male gametes or sperm cells in humans and other mammals contain one of two types of sex chromosomes: X or Y. Female gametes or eggs, however, contain only the X sex chromosome, so if a sperm cell containing an X chromosome fertilizes, the resulting zygote will be XX, or female. Alternatively, if the sperm cell contains a Y chromosome, than the resulting zygote will be XY, or male. 4) X Chromosomes Are Bigger Than Y Chromosomes Y chromosomes are about one-third the size of X chromosomes. The X chromosome represents about 5% of the total DNA in cells, while the Y chromosome represents about 2% of a cells total DNA. 5) Not All Organisms Have Sex Chromosomes Did you know that not all organisms have sex chromosomes? Organisms such as wasps, bees, and ants do not have sex chromosomes. Sex is therefore determined by fertilization. If an egg becomes fertilized, it will develop into a male. Unfertilized eggs develop into females. This type of asexual reproduction is a form of parthenogenesis. 6) Human Chromosomes Contain Viral DNA Did you know that about 8% of your DNA comes from a virus? According to researchers, this percentage of DNA is derived from viruses known as Borna viruses. These viruses infect the neurons of humans, birds and other mammals, leading to infection of the brain. Borna virus reproduction occurs in the nucleus of infected cells. Viral genes that are replicated in infected cells can become integrated into chromosomes of sex cells. When this occurs, the viral DNA is passed from parent to offspring. It is thought that Borna virus could be responsible for certain psychiatric and neurological illness in humans. 7) Chromosome Telomeres are Linked to Aging and Cancer Telomeres are areas of DNA located at the ends of chromosomes. They are protective caps that stabilize DNA during cell replication. Over time, telomeres wear down and become shortened. When they become too short, the cell can no longer divide. Telomere shortening is linked to the aging process as it can trigger apoptosis or programmed cell death. Telomere shortening is also associated with cancer cell development. 8) Cells Dont Repair Chromosome Damage During Mitosis Cells shut off DNA repair processes during cell division. This is because a dividing cell does not recognize the difference between damaged DNA stands and telomeres. Repairing DNA during mitosis could cause telomere fusion, which may result in cell death or chromosome abnormalities. 9) Males Have Increased X Chromosome Activity Because males have a single X chromosome, it is necessary for cells at times to increase gene activity on the X chromosome. The protein complex MSL helps to up-regulate or increase gene expression on the X chromosome by helping the enzyme RNA polymerase II to transcribe DNA and express more of the X chromosome genes. With the help of the MSL complex, RNA polymerase II is able to travel further along the DNA strand during transcription, thereby causing more genes to be expressed. 10) There Are Two Main Types of Chromosome Mutations Chromosome mutations sometimes occur and can be categorized into two main types: mutations that cause structural changes and mutations that cause changes in chromosome numbers. Chromosome breakage and duplications can cause several types of chromosome structural changes including gene deletions (loss of genes), gene duplications (extra genes), and gene inversions (broken chromosome segment is reversed and inserted back into the chromosome). Mutations can also cause an individual to have an abnormal number of chromosomes. This type of mutation occurs during meiosis and causes cells to have either too many or not enough chromosomes. Down syndrome or Trisomy 21 results from the presence of an additional chromosome on autosomal chromosome 21. Sources: Chromosome. UXL Encyclopedia of Science. 2002. Encyclopedia.com. 16 Dec. 2015.Chromosome Numbers For Living Organisms. Alchemipedia. Accessed 16 Dec. 2015.X chromosome Genetics Home Reference. Reviewed January 2012. Y chromosome Genetics Home Reference. Reviewed January 2010.

Biotech benifits drought and salinity resistant crops

Biotech benifits drought and salinity resistant crops A study released March 14 concluded that more than 500,000 people could die due to the effects of climate change on food production. And it isn’t the first warning. This headline comes after a 2013 report from the U.S. Department of Agriculture saying that climate change could devastate agriculture. The warming climate, the report explained, could lead to dramatic increases in weeds, pests, and diseases. Other scientists have said the change in frequency and severity of extreme weather events (like heat waves, droughts, and floods) could lead to lower yields.â€Å"we’re going to end up in a situation where we have a multitude of things happening that are going to negatively impact crop production†, said Jerry Hatfield, a USDA plant physiologist. At the same time our climate is changing, our population is growing quickly: We’ll need to feed an estimated 9.7 billion people by 2050.Biotech crops, designed to withstand the effects of climate change, are one tool that could help us meet the challenge of feeding more people in a changing world. Here’s how: Drought-tolerant corn: This corn variety, available in the United States, was specifically designed for dry, drought-like conditions. These plants still need water, but they have been engineered to protect farmer’s yields in moderate drought years. A public-private partnership in Africa is now working to develop a drought-tolerant variety specifically designed for the continent. It’s estimated that better corn varieties could increase yields by 20 to 35 percent in food-insecure communities. Hyper-efficient, drought-resistant rice: Scientists in the UK are using genetic engineering to change the photosynthesis process in rice. The new variety could double water efficiency and increase tolerance to warmer temperatures. It could increase productivity up to 50 percent, and it has been called â€Å"one of humanity’s best chances for ending world hunger.†Salinity-tolerant crops: Climate change is expected to make river water (which is used for irrigation) saltie r. Scientists are experimenting with genetically modified wheat and barley that will be able to withstand higher levels of salt in water. In addition to allowing farmers to grow food in changing conditions, these varieties would free up more fresh water for drinking. Biotech crops won’t just help with climate change adaptation in the future; they’re also helping to mitigate climate change right now. Biotech crops make it easier for farmers to practice no-till farming. It’s a way of farming without plowing the soil. This means carbon stays in the soil and is not released into the atmosphere. Insect-resistant crops need fewer pesticide sprays, leading to less use of tractors and the fuel they need. In 2010, the use of biotech crops helped remove 19.4 billion kilograms of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, almost the same as taking 8.6 million cars off the road for a year. So while climate change certainly poses a threat to agriculture, we have an important tool to mitigate and adapt. Biotech is part of the solution. Specially designed crops will be one more tool in the toolkit for feeding a hungry, growing population in warming world.

Economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Economic - Essay Example Price is deterrent to consumers’ consumption spending but serves as a motivation for the producers and sellers at the same time. However, their behaviors tend to vary on the responsiveness to price changes or elasticity of the goods and services in question and can be influenced by several factors present in the economy. In the end, rationality will be the guiding principle for both the consumers and the producers in making economic decisions. This paper tries to examine the factors related to changes in price of beef and the behaviors of both consumers and suppliers of beef towards it. In analyzing price elasticity of the demand and supply of beef, discussions on market price, determinants of price elasticity of demand and supply were also made. Related articles on demand and supply of food and grains like corn are utilized to achieve the goal of producing an intelligent analysis of the issues reflected in the article. And for better understanding of some of these economic co ncepts, illustrated graphs were also used to help in serving the purpose. 3. Analysis A. Market Price One of the economic goals that are widely, if not accepted in our society and in many others is the price level stability (McConnell and Brue 1993). This goal aims to avoid the sizable upswings or downswings in the general price level. In a microeconomic perspective, this goal is reached when changes in the market prices are manageable and don’t hurt consumers and producers that much. As price is the quantity of money paid by the buyers or consumers and received by the sellers or producers for a unit of good or service, it is very important for it to be stable.We need to analyze market prices to extend our understanding of demand and supply and to see the relative efficiency of these in allocating resources. A rise or fall in market prices will have a corresponding effect or impact to the people in the economy. In the article, the rise in beef price inflicted by high corn pri ces, more exports to protein-hungry nations and the market forces of supply and demand, is causing a pain being felt by beef lovers nationwide. But since some customers like Beth Belling from Omaha are carnivore, they have to have their beef even if hurts them a little more. Retailers are also affected by the increasing beef price but they reported that they are absorbing some of the cost increases— as much as $1 a pound for many cuts of beef — to keep consumers buying. Ruth Comer, a spokeswoman for West Des Moines-based Hy-Vee Supermarkets, said that they try to flatten out the price curve as much as they can so the customers don’t experience sticker shock when they come in store. They also believe that passing price increases along is going to prompt customers to pull back and stop buying or look elsewhere. Restaurant operators also say that higher prices of beef squeeze their finances as they become reluctant to raise menu prices. B. Price Elasticity of Deman d and Supply The responsiveness of supply and demand to any change in price is measured by the price elasticity. It is expressed as the ratio of the percentage change in the quantity demanded and supplied to the percentage change in price. This value will help us determine the degree of elasticity that a product’s demand or supply can have. The degree of elasticity, classified as elastic, inelastic, or unit elastic, will tell us the nature of the product (McConnell and Brue 1993). 1. Price Elasticity

Goldilocks Zone Properties Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Goldilocks Zone Properties - Research Paper Example According to a NASA journal titled â€Å"The Goldilocks Zone†, the Goldilocks Zone is very big. The journal also talks about researchers who are trying to extend the regions of the Zone by looking for signs of life in distant planets. Research shows that there are certain organisms that prefer acidic conditions and some that swim in hot boiling water. The journal goes on to talk about ecosystems that have been discovered where the sun never reaches, and there is very hot water enough to melt metal. This means that the Goldilocks zone is very big, and covers areas that might be considered uninhabitable. The aim of this paper is to give a detailed account of the properties of the Goldilocks Zone. One of the Goldilocks zone properties is the presence of liquid water on the surface of the planets (Brian, 2011). The only planet known to contain large water bodies on its surface is the earth and this is where water exists in its liquid form rather than ice (Davies, pp 129-150). Ocea ns, lakes and rivers are surface water bodies which sustain lives of animals that live in water and also humans on earth. Water in the Goldilocks zone should not be too hot to evaporate or too cold to freeze, therefore, in case water evaporates or freezes, all life will vanish. Since earth is at the centre of the Zone, it has a constant water surface whereby the water does not become too hot or too cold to sustain life. Mars is considered to be on the cold side of the zone while Venus is on the hot side hence these two planets are not habitable since their water surface is irregular. Water is able to sustain life by: Transporting materials around the human and animal body and it can resist frequent changes in temperature therefore offering a favorable environment for aquatic animals. Planets with a hydrogen atmosphere such as earth can maintain water flowing no matter the distance from the sun. Once water freezes or boils and lost into space, all earthly life will be lost. Liquid wa ter is a vital property for a region to be classified under the Goldilocks Zone (Brian, 2011). Position to a star determines whether or not a planet has liquid water (Brian, 2011). According to Brian, a star’s energy output, gravitational pull, and size determine the location of the Goldilocks Zone. Compared to other liquids, water has unique properties which make it essential for life (Davies, pp85-103). Oceans and lakes do not freeze rock solid because water expands when it freezes. According to Davies, ice floats on liquid water, and aquatic animals are able to live on the water below. Water can dissolve many substances and it takes a lot of energy to change its temperature. This means that when a region experiences hot temperature, water remains moderately cool, hence sustaining life. Therefore, presence of water in the Goldilocks zone is a fundamental property, since it is able to sustain life during the cold and hot conditions (Davies, pp85-103). As earlier mentioned, E arth falls under the Goldilocks Zone, and the presence of water on Earth gives it its relatively moderate type of weather. Temperature is another property of the Goldilocks Zone and is chiefly affected by climate as the Earth rotates. The orbit of the Earth is circular so when it orbits around the zone, it enables the temperatures to remain steady. This is contrary to planets such as Venus which has an

History 1920s Essay Example for Free

History 1920s Essay America went through many social changes with the American Revolution and industrial revolution. During the 1920’s, the face of America began to change more into an urban society. Many differences between the rural and urban sides of America emerged. Historians consider the tensions of the 1920s as a backlash against the rising urban America, which turns out true. Rural people believed that the city lacked morals. The urban city dwellers lashed back saying that rural residents did not understand the technology of modern times. In the 1920s, for the first time in American history, more people lived in cities rather than the countryside. People living in the more rural parts of America saw the urban lifestyle as a threat to traditionally shared value. The cities, a haven for political corruption and distraction, had much more alcohol and prostitution problems than their countryside counterparts did. With the rise of Hollywood and films, people found an escape from their routine life and went to see movies that portrayed what it really meant to live the American dream. However, the rural side of the country stuck to the old ways of agriculture life as the struggle between old and new still went on. With the rise in media also came an increase of cultural battles. The media brought about a revolution of morals since many urban Americas saw the changes in media and lifestyle as liberation from the old countryside Victorian past. Granted, the rural Americans did not see it this way. They felt that American had begun to change in sinful ways and that the ethicality of America had begun to decay. Many people in the countryside also resented the amount of immigrants coming into America. As a result, the Klu Klux Klan revived and revolted against the immigrants, Blacks, Catholics, Jews, and any modern or progressive movement. Located mostly in the rural parts of America, the Klu Klux Klan greatly showed their discontent with the modern American lifestyle. The South showed their animosity towards the foreigners and Blacks through discrimination and racism. However, none of this stopped the urban rise of America that the country would soon have to accept.

Expressing Oneself Through Tattoos :: Tattooing

The world has changed tremendously throughout the years. Through the personal and cultural expression of tattooing oneself most wonder why people today get tattoos. Furthermore, those who think tattoos are just for looks will have to realize that tattoos are a part of ones life. Therefore one might say, â€Å" Tattooing is used in a way to mark important events or people in their lives in a permanent way.†(Milcetich) people today should look in the meaning and value of a tattoo â€Å"As a statement carved in ones body† (Milcetich). Along with that meaning in ones body, people’s attitudes towards tattoos have begun to change what one thinks about tattoos. Attitudes towards life have changed more and more over the years as the personal interest in tattoos grow. â€Å"Teenagers create control over life when they side with tattoos to control emotions and life† (Babb’s). â€Å"Making a permanent choice with ones body through tattoos is a huge commitment† (Babb’s). Undoubtedly sometimes the personal interest is usually based on stereotypes, and self-expression. â€Å"Tattoos are usually chosen to express something that lies under the individual’s skin† (scoop). The abstract world tends to look down upon the ones who take part in this art. People choose to really show what’s on the inside by revealing it on the outside with tattoos. Which is the only way they can express either feeling or emotions? Symbolism and meaning is by far one of the most important aspects of the tattoo industry. â€Å"The abstract emotions and human awareness of emotions show what really is going on in ones life (Johnson)†. For that reason tattooing is a form of self-expression, and can stand for literal interpretations. For the most part these interpretations are the conveying of spiritual meaning, or marking milestones such as life or death† (Johnson). For those who think tattooing is just for looks or put a bad judgment on it, should also realize that ones personal interest reflects upon their lives. â€Å"Many individuals get their first tattoos during adolescence or young adulthood.†(Bravermark) Due to the mainstream culture, these traditions traditionally associate with stereotypes. Stereotypes defiantly have a huge impact on life. Which leads to the next point? Whether flaunted or hidden, sought as art or brought out on a whim, the tattoo has left a huge impact on generation a fter generation. â€Å"The impact on the world today through the history and visual reasoning behind tattoos, lead to the inquiry of personal life changing experiences.

Internet and Our Reading Ability Essay

Internet has become a boon for all of us. It gave us the flexibility to get any kind of information on our figure tips, at the comfort of our home and that too very quickly. Few years back getting information about anything was kind of difficult and tedious. People use to read books, go through journals and old newspapers and so on and so forth to fetch any particular news or information. But with the internet boom, everything changed. People started using eBooks, online dictionaries, Wikipedia, online magazines, online journals. Internet gave people the flexibility to search for anything and everything they want with the click of a button, starting from a local address to international news with the search giant called Google. In current scenario, more and more people are becoming dependant on internet for everything in their life. With all these developments and internet dependency, the one billion dollar question is, does the Internet decrease our ability and interest in reading? Does the Internet decrease our ability and interest in reading? Internet, few years’ back this was not known to anyone or may be a very few people. Internet was known to be a medium to communicate, this served as a boon for the software industry and many other corporate. Post’s which took many days and at times months, could be delivered in just few seconds. This made communication fast and easy. Slowly internet expanded its areas and entered into normal people’s life. People started feeling the comfort of sending emails and communication easy and very quick. With the internet god, people starting enjoying the comfort and flexibility. Slowly with research and development, internet expanded its expertise. It became a source of information with huge database of information. Internet gave people the flexibility to get any kind of information that they needed, very fast. This added to people’s comfort and flexibility and they started enjoying the so called internet. As the information were made available, people started feeling the need of having flexibility to search for information with keywords and hence search engines like Google, yahoo, msn were born. Research shows that, as the demand increases, supply also increased. The same thing happened with internet. People felt the need to do more with internet rather than just reading/writing emails and getting information. Slowly internet expanded its wings towards the ecommerce. Groceries, garments, jewelries, greeting cards, flowers and gifts, computers and electronics everything became online. People reduced their showroom visits, and started enjoying the ecommerce which gave them flexibility to buy anything they desire with just few button clicks and with added benefits like home delivery. With so many flexibilities and comforts, people got addicted to the internet. They started enjoying the electronic or online world to be more precise. As the comfort increases, the desires also increase and same thing happened in the internet case. After ecommerce boom, came a big bash called web2. 0, it gave people more flexibility. Here the user was the king. Until now people were just reading information, purchasing items and so on and so forth, but with web 2. 0 concepts came a revolutionary change in the internet world. People were able to do lot many things like writing blogs, social networking, commenting and rating, sharing, collaboration, forming and joining online groups and communities. People were able to attending the online webinars, eLearning concepts, reading academic books or novels online, reading news online and so on. There is no end to the internet and the new concepts coming up. Internet gave people flexibility, flexibility to read, write, search, buy and do whatever they want and feel. Internet is like a genie for everyone, wish anything and you will get. Internet is not limited to big cities it expanded its wings to small villages also, making them all e-dependant. Despite of all these developments, internet didn’t stop; it grabbed its attention towards the students and teachers. Student started feeling the comfort of reading online, making notes, doing research and so on and so forth. Things which seemed like rocket science became a cake walk for them. Internet helped them in finding anything they desire. Students started spending more time online through internet than reading physical notes and books. Kids started playing online games hence reducing their outdoor games. As the internet came with so many comforts, people started enjoying them all and became internet addicted. Internet addition is more dangerous than any drugs. As and when people started enjoying their comforts with the so called internet god, they forgot everything else in life; they started spending more time online. Even for small information they started searching online. Their social circle got affected. But what happened next? Most importantly their patience level decreased towards reading. Earlier people use to read books with lot of patience, going though the index page, turning through the page number they want to read, bookmarking the page where they stopped and so on. But with internet their reading ability decreased. They started feeling impatient about turning page by page to get any information. Ctrl+f (find) became their all time favorite shortcut. They desired these types of shortcut and online methods in their normal life also. Internet which came as a boon for all of us, became a curse for the authors and writers, since people started feeling disinterested towards reading books, rather they preferred eBooks which are way simpler to read and navigate. EBooks provided them flexibility to click on hyperlinks and go to any particular topics, which is not possible through normal books. It gave them flexibility to search for any word they wish to find about in any particular topic or phrase. Internet totally changed the way people work. It changed people’s perception towards reading and writing. Those who were happy reading books started disliking them. They got so addicted to the internet that it became major part of their life for everything. Internet have spoiled people’s mind, thinking ability, reading ability, writing ability and many more things. Those who enjoyed going to libraries and renting books and reading them, now likes to go to online libraries and read eBooks. Those who enjoyed reading newspapers now like reading news online in news sites. Those who liked reading or knowing general knowledge through GK books now like finding them online through Google or any such search engine. Those who liked doing research by collecting books and as many articles as possible, now like going online and referring online articles, links and books. Everything changed! People find it flexible and comfortable to read online for one more added reason that is information is available free of cost. Internet gave people everything they can desire in their life starting from comfort, flexibility to knowledge, technologies, gadgets and widgets and many more things. But it took away the patience from them. People don’t want to apply their brains anywhere else but only on the internet and doing things online. Obviously why do they need to apply brains? When everything they want is getting them available efficiently, fast and with the same quality and with lots and lots of flexibility, why would they like to do things without internet. With all the points above, the only conclusion is the internet may be a boon for all of us to lead a comfortable life, but internet has taken away one very important things from all our lives, and that is readability. References http://news. zdnet. com/2100-9595_22-243997. html Is Google Making Us Stupid? http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Is_Google_Making_Us_Stupid%3F Internet Age: Are We Losing Our Ability to Read and think? http://www. realtruth. org/articles/090105-006-science. html Leonard, Pitts. Is the Internet robbing us of the ability to read — and think? http://www. sj- r. com/archive/x833711685/Leonard-Pitts-Is-the-Internet-robbing-us-of-the-ability-to-read- and-think Nicholas, Carr (2008). Is Google Making Us Stupid?

Paranoid Schizophrenia

Paranoid Schizophrenia Josh Brotheim Keiser University First off, what is paranoid schizophrenia? According to Coon and Mitterer, (2010) paranoid schizophrenia is schizophrenia marked by a preoccupation with delusions or by frequent auditory hallucinations related to a single theme, especially grandeur or prosecution. In simple terms, the patients with this disease have false beliefs (delusions) that somebody or some people are plotting against them or members of their family. They hear things that are not real, or have delusions of personal grandeur- a false belief that they are much greater and more powerful and influential than they really are. (MNT, 2010) The disease was first identified as a discrete illness by Dr. Emile Kraepelin in 1887 and the illness itself is generally believed to have accompanied mankind throughout its history. (Schizophrenia, 2010) There are three things to know about paranoid schizophrenia: what the signs and symptoms are, the types of different treatments, and how people with this disease can have a threatening effect on society. Since paranoid schizophrenia affects so many people worldwide, it is very important to know the early signs and symptoms associated with it. Signs and symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia sometimes vary from person to person, but all the patients have the majority of these symptoms. They suffer from paranoid delusions or false personal beliefs that are not subject to reason or contradictory evidence. (MNT, 2010) A patient with paranoid schizophrenia will usually suffer from periods of high anxiety. They may have anger that may range from mild irritation, to fury and rage. The patients may suffer physical or emotional detachment. Aggression may reach levels in which violent outbursts occur. (MNT, 2010). Violent behavior sometimes occurs with paranoid schizophrenics. Often this violence is interoperated by the patient as self-defense as he believes others want to do him harm; or may become suddenly violent without observed provocation. (Livestrong, 2011) They also often behave in bizarre ways. They are often reported as having a conversation with someone who is not there or making strange statements when speaking to friends and family. (Livestrong, 2011) Finally, many schizophrenics contemplate suicide due to the difficulty of living with their mental illness or because they believe they have been instructed to do so by auditory hallucinations. (MNT, 2010). Patients with paranoid schizophrenia require treatments on a permanent basis; even when symptoms seem to have receded- a tempting time for patients to say they are fine and no longer need more help. Treatments are basically the same for all forms of schizophrenia; there are variations depending on the severity and types of symptoms, the health of the patient, his/her age, as well as some other factors. (MNT, 2010) Treatments include medications, which include antipsychotics; these are effective at managing hallucinations, delusions and other symptoms such as loss of motivation and lack of emotion. (Mayo, 2010) Other medications like antidepressants, anti-anxiety, and mood stabilizing medications may also be used in combination with the antipsychotics depending on the patient’s symptoms. Psychotherapy for paranoid schizophrenic patients is also essential. Psychotherapy may include individual therapy, which is therapy with a skilled mental health provider that can help them learn ways to cope with the distress and daily life challenges brought on by the disease. (Mayo, 2010) Psychotherapy may also include family therapy, where both the patient and his family may benefit from therapy that provides support and education to the families. Eletroconclusive therapy (ECT) which electric currents are passed through their brains to trigger brief seizures, changes the brains chemistry that can reduce symptoms of this disease. Mayo, 2010) Finally, to help the patients live independently and an important part of their recovery, people with this disease benefit from social and vocational skills training. Though there are not too many cases worldwide, people with paranoid schizophrenia may cause a violent threat to our everyday lives. According to Coon and Mitterer, (2010) thinking that god, the government, or â€Å"cosmic rays from space† are controlling their minds or that someone is trying to poison them, people suffering from paranoid schizophrenia may feel forced into violence to â€Å"protect† themselves. An example is James Huberty, who brutally murdered 21 people at a McDonald’s restaurant in San Ysidro, California. Huberty felt prosecuted and cheated by life. Shortly before he announced to his wife that he was â€Å"going hunting humans,† Huberty had been hearing hallucinated voices. (Coon and Mitterer, 2010) In July, 1998, a man named Russell Westen, who had been diagnosed as a paranoid schizophrenic, entered the Capitol Building in Washington, D. C. , with a handgun, killing two security guards before he was shot and injured himself. As it turned out, the man had refused to take his medications. He was delusional, claiming that the President was conspiring to kill him. Once he claimed that the satellite dish in his little town in Montana was spying on him for the CIA. His parents said that he believed secret powers were trying to control him through the TV set. The man's symptoms read like a textbook description of paranoid schizophrenia. Not all paranoid schizophrenics are dangerous; most of them are not. However, when they begin to act on their fantasies, like this man did, they can become dangerous. (Psywww, 2007) Since, paranoid schizophrenia affects so many people worldwide, it is very important to know the early warning signs and symptoms associated with it. It is important to be able to recognize the strange activities he or she may be doing, from talking to the strange little leprechauns in the corner or getting violent and raged about the government or whomever, trying to come after them or their families. These diseased people need to be given the help they need. They need the antipsychotic medications, and the psychotherapy treatments to help them control there hallucinations and anger. With positive family and treatments, the violent outrages and murders can be kept under control. We just have to be able to understand what these patients are going through and help them with the proper treatments for their individual symptoms. (W/c 998) REFERENCES: Coon, D. and Mitterer, J. (2010) Introduction to Psychology (12th Ed. (P. 472). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth LIVESTRONG. com, (2010) Signs ; Symptoms of Paranoid Schizophrenia. Retrieved December 6, 2011 from http://www. livestrong. com/article/22699-signs-symptoms-paranoid-schizophrenia/ MAYOCLINIC, (2010) Treatments and Drugs. Retrieved December 6, 2011 from http://www. mayoclinic. com/health/paranoid-schizophrenia/Ds00862/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs MNT, (2010) What is Paranoid Schizophrenia? What causes Paranoid Schizophrenia? Retrieved De cember 6, 2011 from

Privatize Social Security essays

Privatize Social Security essays Privatize Social Security: Americans are Smart Enough to Invest for Themselves The beginning of the 20th century was a very hard time for America and its citizens. After the Industrial Revolution and the Great War came the Great Depression. The economy was crashing, and crashing fast; the stock market crashed twice in one week, thousands of people were laid off, and businesses went bankrupt. These were definitely the hardest of times and the people were looking for help. On June 8, 1934, President Franklin D. Roosevelt announces to congress that he intended to provide a program for Social Security. He created the Committee on Economic Security to study the entire problem of the economy and to provide any recommendations that would help congress make a legislative consideration. In early January 1935, the committee gave the report to Roosevelt and on January 17 he presented it to congress. On August 14, 1935 the Social Security Act was pass into law by President Roosevelt. The act was to help people in need of general welfare and pay retired worker s age 65 or older a continuing income after retirement. The program later change to include unemployment insurance, old-age assistance, aid to dependant children, and grants to states for medical care. In 1939, the program was amended to include payments to the spouse and minor children and survivors benefits pay in the event the worker suffered a premature death. This is pretty much what Americans know as Social Security today and the program has been relatively unchanged since it was stared over sixty years ago (Social Security History). This program was definitely needed during these hard times; no one can really argue that. However, most people today discuss Social Security more than ever: it is argued in congress, it is talked about on the news, and it is debated in political elections. Americans feel that they can do better investing their hard-earned money t...

Accounting theory in Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Accounting theory in Australia - Essay Example My reflection is based upon Watt and Zimmerman's contention that the managers of a firm will attempt to utilise methodologies to avoid taxes and dividendsIn this vein I waspreoccupied reflecting upon and reading on the Enron disaster and how numbers can not be seen as neutral and unbiasedTaking this course changed my perceptions about the very pith and substance of how I would ever perceive numbers.After taking this course I realised that numbers like words and conduct and can be just as easily manipulated by the human mind.Therefore they will be seldom neutral and unbiased.One of the most revealing moments were when I was able to see that even share valuation will be subject to novel accounting methodologies.For example I was able to see that in valuation of shares there would likely be an involvement of a lot of paper work in accounting terms in order to adjust the Capital Gains Tax valuations for rebasing and indexation purposes ,assess Inheritance Tax on shares and also assess th e situation now with employee share schemes.It was seen that there might be a biased view of accounting when the share valuation will have to account for It was seen many times that by choosing certain accounting techniques it would be possible to see a certain bias emerging.For example while using the Asset based approach it was seen to ignore factors like Industry prospects ,Management quality / stability ,Growth potential ,Competitive bidding and the alternative opportunities for the company being valued for tax purposed to avoid paying large amounts of tax money to the Inland Revenue .Infact it was possible to see a conflict of views here where as many times what seemed like creative accounting reminded me of biased accounting .It was learnt that the process of attempting to bias accounts is often referred to as 'creative accounting'. which often attacked for not being neutral and ethical as some techniques can cause bias: 1. Revenue may be recorded too early. In particular revenue from sales may be recorded in the accounts before the sale is agreed. 2. Bogus revenues may be recorded. For example refunds from suppliers might be recorded as revenues. 3. Profits from recurring business may be artificially boosted by the inclusion of one-off gains. Also losses from recurring business might be described as non-recurring. 4. Current expenses could be allocated to a later period. This could take the form of depreciating or amortizing too slowly. 5. Future expenses may be shifted to a current period. For example depreciation or amortization may be too rapid. 6. There may be a failure to record all liabilities. 7. Current income may be allocated to a later period. 8. Unrealistic valuations might be given to inventories. 9. Unrealistic bad debt provisions could be made. 10. Items may be held 'off-balance sheet'. Infact it is worth mentioning the hazards of careless accounting as learnt from the Enron Saga. For the purposes of accounting practices the most important thing to analyse is that who exactly in the accountancy/auditing profession should have taken responsibility for the shortcomings in the accounting records .These accountants were clearly abusing their authorities as watchdogs for shoddy practices and instead they perpetrated fraud on the investors.. The Statement of Accounting Standards 100 clearly allocates responsibility to auditors in the matter of financial statements 'the responsibility for the preparation of the financial statements is that of the directors of the entity'. In this vein I learnt that accounting is a profession requiring much responsibility.The should be able to scrutinise and guard any financial wrong doing on behalf of the directors with regard to Auditing and Accounting Standards. It is evident from the events leading up to Enron

Schindlers List Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Schindlers List - Movie Review Example World War II has just begun and Polish army has been torn apart by Germany. Oskar Schindler, brilliantly portrayed by Liam Neeson, is a sadly unsuccessful businessman who arrives in Crakow hoping he may make use of the sudden increase in free manpower resulting from the population of the concentration camps, to set up a manufacturing unit for direct supply of goods to the German Army. Schindler is a member of the Nazi league, and is well aware of the right strings to pull and the right pockets to contribute to. Schindler soon gets around to acquiring a factory for production of army kits as is his plan. Ben Kingsley plays Itzhak Stern, "a man with the face and manner of a Talmudic scholar" (Steven Zaillian, Schindler's List) who is a functionary in the local Judenrat (Jewish Council) with contacts in the Jewish business community in the Ghetto. On his insistence, they agree to loan Schindler the money he needs. And in return they get a small share of products produced by the new company for trade on the black market. Work begins in Schindler's factory. Stern takes care of the matters of administration. In a well thought move, he suggests to Schindler that it would make more sense for the fledgling factory to depend on Jewish manpower as opposed to Poles. One of the benefits of work in Schindler's factory is that the employees are allowed outside the ghetto. Now Stern, in his capacity, ensures that as many of them as possible are reported as "essential" to the Nazi bureaucracy. In a subtle shade, we come to know that although Schindler is aware of what is going on, he does not try t o curb this. A very visible influence of the pre war take on the economics of successful business activity is evident in the portrayal of the running of Schindler's factory. The choice of workers also displays this influence, given the preference for Jews. This is a consequence of the pretty convenient fact that Jews are paid less, resulting in savings for the factory, although as the movie progresses, it becomes quite evident that profit making took second priority in the mind of at least one of the two men. In a fresh angle to the exploitative labor practices, the Jews themselves are paid nothing; all the wages go to the Reich. The movie gives us a fresh and at times depressing insight into the atrocious living conditions of the people. The Jews in the camps, as in the town are subjected to all kinds of torturous treatment. This is very well highlighted in one scene where Schindler enters a hotel, with a very suggestive sign saying ""No Jews or Dogs Allowed". Another very appealing scene shows the initial roll call and checkup of the inmates where they are paraded naked, man, woman and child alike. In some editions of the movie, this scene has been removed. Following airing of a largely uncut edition of the movie on NBC, Tom Coburn, then a congressman, stated that by airing the film, NBC had brought television "to an all-time low, with full-frontal nudity, violence and profanity", adding that airing the film was an insult to "decent-minded individuals everywhere"(Associated Press). Under fire from fellow Republicans as well as from Democrats, Coburn apologized for his outrage. Such insights have served in creating awareness in the people about the objectionable conditions brought about by war and its ravages. Politically these incidences, as has the war itself,

PACS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

PACS - Essay Example A PACS consists of at least one or more image acquisition devices (like Computed Tomography Scanners, Ultrasound Scanners, MRI), communication network, a long term storage device and an image review and/or post processing workstation, in other words PACS is used to run medical digital images. All these components enable following processes: image acquisition, image  communication, image storage, image display and image processing. All these processes act as pathways for PACS to improve the quality of diagnosis, extend the reach of services of an expert radiologist, higher efficiency and cost savings (Reiner and Siegel, 2002, 3). Since healthcare is a safety as well as security intense domain, these parameters cannot be compromised. Hence saving and archiving medical images without loosing quality (or information) has been a compelling need of the users of various users dealing with medical images. This concern of the clinicians have been appropriately addressed by a universal standard pertaining to digital medical imaging, this standard is termed as Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (popularly called DICOM). DICOM provides all the tools required for diagnostically correct processing and presentation of medical imaging data (Pianykh). DICOM takes care of data transfer, storage and display protocol that contains sets of standards. DICOM incorporates the following processes: Information Management System  Storage, Query/Retrieve,   Study Component, Query/Retrieve, Results Management, Print Management, Media Exchange. The DICOM Standard takes care of levels of the ISO OSI network model and enables the exchange of information on interchange media. DICOM currently defines an upper layer protocol (ULP) that is used over TCP/IP (independent of the physical network), messages, services, information objects and an association negotiation mechanism. These definitions ensure that any two implementations of a compatible set of services and

Culture and Education Essay Example for Free

Culture and Education Essay The institutions of education which are shaping the minds of todays youth do not all teach the same facts and curriculum. Throughout the world there are differing opinions on what, when, and how certain facts, theories, and concepts should be taught. Not all children are taught the same truths; this statement might sound unfair, or maybe incomprehensible. How, one may ask, could accepted truths not be taught as such; and what decides whether they will be or not? Cultural constructs such as norms, morals, and shared religious beliefs play a role in what education consists of and looks like for different groups of children all over the world. Let’s take a look at the common History class. When taking a History class in the United States you will most likely be learning U. S. History, and even if you take a World History class it will still focus on the U. S. and how it interacted with and impacted other countries. In Japan you would be learning Japanese History. However if you were to read through certain Japanese history text books you might be alarmed to find that Japan is portrayed not only as a victim instead of an aggressor in the context of WWII and that there is a lack of general information regarding their participation in the war all together. Largely in debate is the Nanking Massacre in which the Japanese allegedly systematically kill 300,000 people including both civilians and soldiers. There are two schools of thought, The Massacre Denial and The Massacre Affirmative. Japan’s culture is one of honor which makes it difficult for them to acknowledge their mistakes, and thus largely try to ignore the Nanking incident in a sort of sweep it under the rug fashion. In Japanese Universities many teachers will teach that while the event did happen the numbers were closer to 10,000 and included only soldiers while some classes do not cover the topic at all. In China they teach that it did in fact happen and claim the body count reached 300,000 or more. The effect of this difference in truths being taught is that in Japan younger generations do not view Japan as having been an aggressor in the war, and younger Chinese generations continue to view the Japanese as horrible people. Then there is Human Growth and Development / Sex Ed. While many believe it is a necessary section of what children learn in Health classes, some find it to go against their culture. In certain groups simply discussing opening a woman’s menstrual cycle or how a baby is made can be taboo. Not to mention once you start getting into discussions about birth control options and how to properly put on a condom all hell can break lose. To those whose culture forbids them from having premarital sex, these classes can seem obscene and worrisome in the sense that perhaps these classes will cause their children to commit these sins after acquiring knowledge about it. Then there are also cultures who simply think that school is not a place for these things to be covered, and that it is the parents’ responsibility to teach their children about them themselves. Another main concern is also when these things will be taught. I myself remember being taught about the changes that would happen to my body once I hit puberty starting around 4th grade in Human Growth and Development classes. It wasnt until high school that anyone really talked about sex, and ways to make it safe. Some people think that due to rates of teen pregnancy and the way these teen parents seem to be getting younger and younger, that it may be necessary to begin bringing up safe sex much earlier on. However, many people believe this would be overstepping many cultural boundaries. Either way schools almost always allow parents to remove children from these classes as they understand that these matters are viewed differently by different cultures. The way in which the Theory of Evolution is taught throughout the U. S. s another prime example of how cultural beliefs try and sometimes succeed in shaping educational curriculum. While throughout the science community the Theory of Evolution is greatly accepted as the reason behind animals and humans being the way they are today, the fashion in which it is taught to students throughout the United States varies from state to state. A map published in a 2002 issue of Scientific American which was based on data collected by Lawrence S. Lerner of California State University the map depicts the quality of coverage given to the Theory of Evolution in each states Science Standards. It shows that while in a little over half of the states the teaching of the theory is considered very good to satisfactory, a number of states, particularly several in the Bible Belt, an area of the Southern United States where the culture reflects the strongly conservative and Evangelical population which boasts higher church attendance than the countries average; there is â€Å"unsatisfactory, useless, or absent† coverage of the theory. The battle to allow for another theory to be taught instead of, or alongside Evolution is ongoing but has been approved in Kentucky as well as Tennessee. These states now teach Creationism/Creation Science, â€Å"A literal belief in the biblical account of Creation as it appears in the Book of Genesis. Creationists believe that the creation of the world and all its creatures took place in six calendar days; they therefore deny the theory of evolution. †() In areas of the U. S. where religion is not a large part of culture it is not likely for Creationism to be seen as something which should be taught in science classes, however is areas where the religious roots of a culture run deep the attempts such as these to control education are apparent. If one were to make a list of all things which are agreed upon by their culture to be truths and compared it to that of another’s there would undoubtedly be differences. While one would hope the majority of facts matched there will always be variations. This is reflected through the words of teachers and the knowledge of their students. Ones’ culture defines what education consists of and looks like for them, perhaps it seems unfair, but it is undeniably true. Not all children are taught the same truths.

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) Technology

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) Technology ABSTRACT: Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) technology which attract extra attention and awareness to the world wide business. IP telephonys system will affect the sending voice transmission in the form of packet over the IP network in the VoIP applications. Now a days many industries will use the VoIP technologies to provide the Security. In this project, I provided a variety of VoIP safety intimidation and probable approach to handle the intimidation in VoIP application. VoIP is naturally susceptible to networks attack, like hateful codes (i.e., worms, viruses, Trojans), denial-of-service (DoS), distributed DoS (DDoS), pharming, and (though non malicious) sparkle were crowded. These attacks also spoil grimy system by overriding assets, distracting valid user, compromise private informations, or by demeaning code and records. This break affect the contaminated system, it also destroy the unaffected (or even non-vulnerable) ones. All system associated to the Internet are responsive to hateful code which try to contaminate as much as hosts is probable, cause overcrowding on the network communications. The QoS which is provide to the end user is of highest significance and it is the main issue to implement the VoIP system, since if the exchange is indecipherable then there is no position in giving the service. The major factor which distresses the superiority of services is Latency, Jitter and Packet loss. CHAPTER-1 1.0 Introduction The voice enterprises continuously providing voice conversation services on over broad band by discovering the current market issues and network issues from past 20 years, the voice transition industry undergone various security and network issues to produce better quality voice service to transit on over broad band. The current voice market has been step up into the new level of voice protocols for providing VoIP services during low bandwidth, high level of data and voice transmission provisions. The VOIP technologies allow sharing the resource of WAN for supporting data and voice for saving the cost for transmission process [1]. The VoIP provides many advantages to the enterprises, the migration of voice and telephone application form TDM switch network to IP packet switched network provides many advantages to enterprises during the migration of voice into IP application the enterprises need to provide security to the data applications [2]. However the enterprises need to identify the security issues and employee new techniques to protect against attacks. Security and QoS is a main aspect of VOIP system, the data on voice networks have been attacked by viruses, worms, DOS attacks and other unknown authentication users [3]. The VOIP architecture is a complete network hierarchical structure which is compound with many of the networking devices, the design structure have to ensure that whether the components will cope the unwanted attacks. The protocol structure in a VOIP system is a more sensible factor due to the poor ambitious. Here we introduce the attacks on over VoIP system. VOIP Overview VoIP stands for Voice over Internet Protocol which is the mainly used in the transmission of voice communications through IP network like internet, public switched networks [4]. The concept of VoIP mainly targets of the transmission of voice based messages and applications by using different protocols and is transmitted via the internet. The basic steps involved in the transmission of voice signals through the internet are:  · Conversion of voice to analog and digital signal.  · Compression and conversion of the signal into Internet Protocol Packets to broadcast over Internet. VoIP systems adopt different session control protocols for commanding over the set-up, tear-down of calls and also different audio codecs which allow for encoding the voice signal and allow the transmission. These audio codecs may vary form system to system where some of them are based on the narrow band and some on the compressed speech where some other system may use high fidelity audio codecs. Technologies used to implement VoIP:  · H.323 [12]  · IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)  · Session initiation Protocol (SIP) [5]  · Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) [5] 1.1 Problem Definition In the past days the VoIP security is a not a big concern the people were mainly concerned with the functionalities, cost and the usage, but the VOIP communication trend has been encouraged; the VOIP communication system widely accepted by the people; due to the high acceptance of VOIP system the security issues are main concern. However the VoIP services are rapidly growing in the current voice communication system, many unauthenticated users and hackers are stealing the VoIP services and hacking the services from the service providers and re routing to their personal usage. Some of the security standards are not credential they only supports to authentication over calls, but the problem with the service theft. The security concerns will affect on quality of the system, due to the security tools and security solutions will conflict on quality of service. The system will accept the security tools those tools shouldnt decrease the quality. The basic issue of the quality is firewall. The firewall will blocks the calls for security constrains it will not process the signaling which are allocated to the UDP ports. Due to the security issues on VoIP devices will consumes extra time for packet delivery and which consumes extra time during the call; so it may delay the packet delivery, due to the encryption and decryption mechanism will conflict the call time. 1.2 Objectives of the study The basic objective of this is to detect source of attacked packet on over network Ø To formally define the network security problems and unauthorized access incidents Ø To define the most accredited security techniques and security methods Ø To evaluate the prototype system and packet feature mechanism Ø Email and other internet message are easily integrated with the voice applications Ø To support the multimedia applications, which provides less cost effective services for video conference, gaming Ø To supports a low cost, flat rate pricing on the voice communication over the Public Internet and Intranet services. Ø Sends the call signaling messages over the IP-based data Network with a suitable quality of service and much superior cost benefit. Ø Present offline message passing between the users by selecting a user from predefined offline user list Ø Present textual communication 1.3 Research Method Ø Provide authentication to the end users for accessing the VoIP services Ø Design secure VoIP Configuration system Ø Attempt to separate VoIP traffic from normal data traffic using either VLANs or a completely separate physical network. Ø Enable authentication on SIP accounts.Internal Firewalls/ACLs should be cond to block telnet and http traffic from reaching voice VLANs or subnets. 1.4 SCOPE These researches analyze the security and performance issues, it has to research on different security levels and represent various security challenges to modern VoIP system. Ø This research enhance security methods by analyzing the modern security challenges Ø To present various security methods; this security methods are explained in chapter -3 to analyze and investigate the security threats and define the solution for obtaining better performance Ø Balance VoIP security and performance by measuring the services and network traffic Ø To present VoIP protocols for secure data transmission 1,5 Thesis Organization Chatper-1: Introduction: General Introduction of VoIP, problem definition and Research methods Chapter -2: Literature Review: Review of VoIP deployment and review of security issues and performance and VoIP security background and security challenges Chapter -3: Security process: VoIP security process, managing of VoIP security and security process and define the security solutions Chapter -4: VOIP security and performance: Demonstrate VoIP performance , balancing of security and performance of VoIP Chapter -5: Analysis Report: security and performance analysis and investigation reports of VoIP security and performance and complete project report scenario Chapter -6: Conclusion, Future Enhancement, References and Appendices. CHAPTER -2 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW Background VoIP is a IP telephony which is used to deliver a voice on over internet; which stands for Voice over Internet Protocol which converts a voice signals to digital voice packets and transmit these packets on over network; for transmitting which uses Internet protocol for coordinating voice packets. VoIP can be deployed in dissimilar kind of IP enabled network like Internet, wireless networks, Ethernet. VoIP is a telephony system which takes voice as a analog signals and which converts it into digital format and transmit on over network by using Intern protocol. VoIP service Types VoIP provides different types of voice service according to the communication media infrastructure; the most common services are as follows Ø Computer to computer based services Ø PC to phone and phone to PC based services Ø Phone to phone based VoIP services [6] Computer to computer: A voice exchange in between system to system is one type of communication provides free VoIPs services which it requires related software applications such as gtalk[8], skype[7], messengers. In this services the users need to install same softwares in their respective PCs and exchange their voices same as Peer to Peer services. PC to phone and phone to PC: It is a combination of Internet and circuit switched telephone system. The VoIP application software receives the voice and hand over to the Internet protocol to communicate on over telephone network. VoIP services provide a services to communicate with phone s by establishing VoIP network; an applications such as Skype, messengers are communicate to the phones by converting respective receiving and transmitting formats. In the Phone to PC services the user can communicate from phones to PCs; user can dial to PCs by calling like normal phones; in this services the PC IP address contains a phone number. The user can dial from phone to assigned PC IP address phone number; Skype is a best example for this kind of services, which allows users to purchase a VoIP services to communicate from phone to PC [7]. The most common devices in these services are Ø VoIP service providers Ø Modem Ø Internet services Ø ATA: Analog Terminal Adaptor, this convert analog signals to voice signals voice signals to analogs singles Phone to phone based VoIP services [6]: Now a days this type of services are using in long distance calls; many communication service provide companies offering long distance calls in very abnormal price by utilizing the PSTN services. VoIP System A Fig- 1 shows a typical VoIP network topology which is a combination of given equipments; the following equipments are 1) Gatekeeper 2) VoIP Gateway 3) VoIP Clients Gatekeeper: A VoIP gatekeeper is a routing manager and central manager in a H 323 IP telephony surroundings. This is an option in a VoIP system which manages end points of a sector. VoIP gatekeeper is useful for managing calls, terminals and gateways. VoIP gatekeeper presents access control, bandwidth control and address translation. VoIP gateway: The VoIP entry convert a voice calls into genuine instant in between Public switch Telephone Network (PSTN) and IP networks. The basic functionalities of VoIP entry are compression, decompression; signal controlling, packetization and call routing. VoIP clients: This equipment represents phones, multimedia PCs 2.1 Security Issues. VoIP Phishing How To prevent VoIP Phishing and avoided getting Trapped You can do prevent VoIP Phishing at home and in your corporation and to avoid yourself and your associates from being keen as a Phishing victim. What is VoIP Phishing and hoe it work VoIP Phishing is a type of assault that lures the user into given personal data like phone number, credit card numbers, and password over a web site. Phishing over VoIP is become uncontrolled as VoIP makes Phishing easers for attacker. Security thread in VoIP While VoIP has become a one of the conventional communication technologies, VoIP user face a serious of security threads lets see this security issues. Firewall A firewall is software is planned to protect a personal networks from illegal access. Firewalls usually block the worthless passage from the outside to the inside of the networks and so on. Over look security You must not look at only at the light side of VoIP. While it is revolutionizing voice and data communication, it does not symbolize some problematic security issues that need that need to be deal with accurately. Quality of Service Issues (Qos) Qos [9] is a basic process of VoIP; if it delivers a good quality of services to the users which are more advantage to the users for saving money; rather than spending much money on other communication services. The Quality is an importance factor for VoIP services providers industries. In Certain level the security issues implementation can degrade the QoS. The security procedures such as firewalls and encryption techniques block the calls and delay the packet delivery. The main QoS issues are Ø Latency Ø Jitter Ø Packet loss Ø Bandwidth problem Latency: Latency represents a delivery time for voice transmission from source to destination. The ITU-T advice that G.114 [10] establish a many time of constraints on one-way latency .To achieve Quality of Service the VoIP calls must be achieve in a limited bound time. The basic issues in latency are Ø Time spent on routers and long network distance Ø Security measures Ø Voice data encoding Ø Queuing Ø Packetization Ø Composition and decomposition Ø Decoding Jitter: The non-uniform packets make a packet delivery delay; which it is caused by insufficient bandwidth. The packets are in out of sequence order, for transmitting voice media it uses RTP protocol; this protocol are based on UDP so that it makes the packet in out of order sequence which degrades the QoS by not resembling the protocols at protocol level. Packet Loss: The packet loss increase the latency and jitter; where group of packets are arrived late will be discarded and allow new packets. The packet loss is associated with data network; due to the low bandwidth and high traffic which delays the packet delivery. Bandwidth: The low bandwidth delays a packet delivery which degrades the QoS by increasing the latency and jitter. The data on over network have to distribute into various nodes; the data have to transmit from one node to another node during this transmission if it encounter any problem which it can delays the packet. The entire network design includes routers, firewall and other security measures. Certain time in the network path some of the nodes are unavailable at that time it doesnt deliver the packets to an end users. 2.2 VoIP protocols There are numbers and numbers of network that can be working in organize to offer for VoIP communiquà © service .In this part we will center no which the general to the best part of device deploy. Almost each machine in the globe use a standardization called real time protocol (RTP) for transmit of audio and video packet between the networks. IETF is the founder of RPT. The consignment layout of numbers CODE are define in RFC 3551 (The section â€Å"RTP profiles and pay load format specification† of RCF. These sections address items.). Though pay load format section are define in document also published by the ITU (International telecommunication union) and in others IETF RFCs. The RTP mostly deal with issue like packets order and give mechanism to help the address wait. The H.323 [7] standard uses the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) RTP protocol to transport media between endpoints. Because of this, H.323 has the same issues as SIP when dealing with network topologies involving NAT. The easiest method is to simply forward the appropriate ports through your NAT device to the internal client. To receive calls, you will always need to forward TCP port 1720 to the client. In addition, you will need to forward the UDP ports for the RTP media and RTCP con-trol streams (see the manual for your device for the port range it requires). Older cli-ents, such as MS Netmeeting, will also require TCP ports forwarded for H.245tunneling (again, see your clients manual for the port number range). If you have a number of clients behind the NAT device, you will need to use a gate-keeper running in proxy mode. The gatekeeper will require an interface attached to the private IP subnet and the public Internet. Your H.323 client on the private IP subnet will then re gister to the gatekeeper, which will proxy calls on the clients behalf. Note that any external clients that wish to call you will also be required to register with the proxy server. At this time, Asterisk cant act as an H.323 gatekeeper. Youll have to use a separate application, such as the open source OpenH323 Gatekeeper H.323 and SIP Have their origins in 1995 as researchers looked to solve the problem of how to computers can indicate communication in order to exchange audio video files.H.323[12] enjoy the first commercial success due to this fact those who are working on the protocol in ITU[12] worked quickly to publish the first standard in the year 1996. While support of the two protocols on a single gateway is critical, another integral part of dual-protocol deployment is the ability for H.323 gatekeepers and SIP proxies to interwork and share routing capabilities. One method that was introduced to support time-to-market requirements uses routing interaction between a Cisco SIP Proxy Server and an H.323 gatekeeper. The business model for some carriers using the Cisco Global Long Distance Solution is to provide origination and termination of voice-over-IP (VoIP) minutes for several other service providers. This business model has been very successful with deployment of H.323-based services, but these Cisco customers would also like to attract additional SIP-based service providers. Ideally, these customers would like to use their existing voice-gateway infrastructure to support additional SIP-based offerings. Cisco has provided these carriers with a way to add new SIP services by adding capabilities to the Cisco SIP Proxy Server to allow it to â€Å"handshake† with an H.323 gatekeeper using the H.323 RAS protocol. By enabling a SIP proxy server to communicate with an H.323 gatekeeper using RAS location request, location confirmation, and location reject messages and responses, a Cisco SIP Proxy Server can obtain optimized routing information from VoIP gateways that have been deployed in the service providers network. The Cisco architecture allows for protocol exibility and enables, one call-by-call basis, use of a particular session protocol. This exibility allows customers to deploy SIP networks on proven packet telephony infrastructures, while still maintaining core H.323 functionality within their networks. With the ability to support the connection of customers and carriers using either rotocol, service providers can offer a variety of application hosting and sharing services, and be more aggressive in pursuing wholesale opportunities via new services. Some principles for coexistence that are critical for successful multiprotocol deployments are transport capabilities across time-division multiplexing (TDM) interfaces, dual tone multifrequency (DTMF) processing capabilities and fax relay support. In deployments where both protocols are used, it is important that there are no performance limitations related to the call mix between SIP and H.323 calls, and that there is no significant deviation in calls-per-second measurements compared to a homogeneous SIP or H.323 network. Cisco gateways provide support for coexistence of SIP and H.323 calls beginning with Cisco IOS Software Release 12.2(2)XB. Above illustrates packet voice architectures for wholesale call transport and 2 illustrates termination services for application service providers (ASPs) where SIP and H.323 are used simultaneously for signaling. Reasons for VoIP Deployment When you are using PSTN line, you typically pay for time used to a PSTN line manager company: more time you stay at phone and more youll pay. In addition you couldnt talk with other that one person at a time. In opposite with VoIP mechanism you can talk all the time with every person you want (the needed is that other person is also connected to Internet at the same time), as far as you want (money independent) and, in addition, you can talk with many people at the same time. If youre still not persuaded you can consider that, at the same time, you can exchange data with people are you talking with, sending images, graphs and videos. There are two main reasons to use VoIP: lower cost than traditional landline telephone and diverse value-added services. Low Cost Higher multimedia application: Traditional telephone system requires highly trained technicians to install and custom configuration. Companies find the need to call the service of specialist to implement, simple tasks like moving adding a phone. Modules such as ‘voicemail and the additional lines are the part of perpetual cycle of upgrades and modifications that make telephony support a very profitable business. The methodology use to implement PSTN business phone system is well understood and the industry is very mature. Hence company can make a purchase with the confidence that if they are installing a traditional system it will function and include an excellent supported infrastructure. IDC reports the number of VoIP ports shipped in 2005 will be equal to traditional analogues deployment. Non to be taken lightly, the average lifespan of a voice system range from 5-10 years. In 5 to 10 years, an analogues telephone system will be the exception as opposed to the telephone standards. Qualified technicians, whom are required to work on propriety system, will be difficult to come by. In addition, the prospect of telephone manufacture going out of business or the technology simply being repulsed by a more agile and less costly alternative, are both risks that must be taken into account in well informed decision. Fortunately a company can take few preventive to protect them from outdated system. One such step is use of standards technologies that are back by a number of company and possibly trade group as opposed to a single entity. In VoIP space a good example is session Initiation Protocols, SIP. SIP is supported by the large majority of vendors and is considered the industry standard protocol for VoIP. Beyond analogue lines that terminate from an ISP, The traditional telephony market does not have much interoperability. For example it is not be integrate an Avaya PBX with a Nortel PBX. Hidden cost can be substantial in any technology deployment. The downtime experienced with buggy or poorly implemented technology, in addition to the cost of qualified consultants to remedy such as Challenges of VoIP: Though VoIP is becoming more and more popular, there are still some challenging problems with VoIP: Bandwidth: Network which available is an important anxiety in network. A network can be busted down into many nodes, associations and produce a big quantity of traffic flow, therefore, the availability of each node and link where we only focus on the bandwidth of the VoIP system. An in a data network, bandwidth overcrowding can cause QoS problems, when network overcrowding occur, packets need to be queued which cause latency as well as jitter. Thus, bandwidth must be accurately reserved and billed to ensure VoIP quality. Because data and voice share the same network bandwidth in a VOIP system, the necessary bandwidth condition and allocation become more complex. In a LAN surroundings, switches usually running at 100 Mbps (or 1000 Mbps), upgrading routers and switches can be the effective ways to address the bandwidth bottleneck inside the LAN. Power Failure and Backup Systems: Traditional telephones work on 48 volts which is supplied by the telephone line itself without outside power supply. Thus, traditional telephones can still continue to work even when a power breakdown occurs. However, a backup power system is also required with VOIP so that they can continue to operate during a power breakdown. An organization usually has an uninterruptible power system (UPS) for its network to overcome power failure, [14] Security: As VoIP becomes too popular, the issues related to VoIP network are also very progressively and more arising [15]. W. Chou [16] has investigation the different security of VoIP investigation the different and also given some optional strategies for these issues. In reference [17], the authors also outline the challenges of securing VoIP, and provide guidelines for adopting VoIP technology. Soft phone: Soft phones are installed on system thus should not be used where the security is an anxiety. In todays world, worms, viruses, Trojan houses, spy wares and etc are everywhere on the internet and very complex to defend. A computer could be attacked even if a user does not open the email attachment, or a user does nothing but only visit a compromise web site. Thus use of soft phones could bring high risks for vulnerabilities. Emergency calls: Each traditional telephone link is joined to a physical location, thus emergency tune-up providers can easily track callers locality to the emergency send out office. But dissimilar traditional telephone lines, VoIP technology allows an exacting number could be from anywhere; this made emergency services more problematical, because these emergency call centers cannot get the callers location or it may not be possible to send out emergency services to that location. Although the VoIP providers provide some solutions for emergency calls, there is at rest need of manufacturing principles in VOIP surroundings. Physical security: The most significant issue in VoIP network is Physical security. An attacker can do traffic psychoanalysis once actually they access to VoIP. In between server and gateway, like to determine which parties are communicating. So the physical security policy and some controls are needed to control the VoIP network access mechanism. Otherwise, risks such as insertion of snuffer software by attackers could cause data and all voice connections being intercept. Wireless Security: Connection in wireless network nodes were integrated with VoIP network which receives more and more popular and accepted [18]. The wireless networks are very feeble as compared to Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP). The algorithm for 802.11 is week because WEP can be cracked with public available software. This is the major project in wireless network for example the more common and popular WiFi protected Access (WPF and WPA 20) which administrated by Wi-Fi Alliance are providing more significant security in improvement, the WPA protected is also integrated with wireless technology in VoIP. CHAPTER -3 Related Work 3.0 Security Studies Voice of Internet Protocol is the next generation telecommunications method. It allows to phone calls to be route over a data network thus saving money and offering increased features and productivity. All these benefits come at a price, vulnerability. It is easier to attack and exploit a voice and data network. VoIP will need extra security measures beyond the standard security that is typically implement for a computer network. Many issues need to be addressed such as type of attacks, security, quality of service and VoIP protocols. Voice over IP (VoIP) is a one of the most challenging technology in todays market. The importance of VoIP is rapidly growing, many vendors introducing VoIP services with advanced technologies for improving quality of services and security. In this chapter I am discussing about security models and security process. 3.1 VoIP Security Process: There are many VoIP protocols in the market. Some are proprietary while others are open standards. The two most popular open protocols are H.323 and SIP. They were designed by two different organizations and operate slightly differently. They both have problems with the use of random ports problems with NAT translations and firewalls. Security for VoIP devices and VoIP network is a complex process, securing of VoIP protocols and data streaming invokes at many stages. The most common VoIP vulnerabilities are as follows Ø Software Related: Ø Device related Ø Protocol related Ø System Configuration related Ø Application level attacks 3.1.2 Software Related Vulnerabilities: The basic flaws in software vulnerable are operating services and functions problems and quality, operating system interface and administrations [19]. Software application interfaces, software application logic Ø Software applications Ø Application interfaces 3.1.3 Device Related Vulnerabilities: One of the most common security threats effects on VoIP hardware devices. In early days the most of the VoIP systems are designed with limited energy power, computing power. Due to the heavy competition in the market many vendors are keeping low cost, they are designing with low cast VoIP hardware devices but due to the changes of software applications, other system infrastructure the system need to regularly updates the device. The most common hardware devices in VoIP are Ø PCs Ø Telephone adaptors Ø Modems Ø VoIP phones 3.1.4 Protocol Vulnerability: The main protocols in VoIP are H.323 [12] and SIP (Session initiation protocol), these two protocols are commonly used in VoIP hardware system [19]. These protocols overwhelmed with security issues. SIP protocol is a complex protocol which maintains the security in SIP RFC. In SIP the network address translation crack security and which doesnt examine firewalls. H.323 is an International Telecommunication Union standard for audio and video communication across a packet network (National Institute of Standards and Technology 2005). There are four types of devices under H.324: terminals, Gateways, Gatekeepers and Multi-Point Conference Units. The terminals are phones and computers. Gateway provides an exit to other networks. The Gatekeeper handles addressing and call routing while the MCU provided conference call support. H.323 uses other protocols to perform other vital tasks. UDP packets using the Real-Time Transport Protocol transport all data. H.225 handles registration, admissions status, and call signaling. H.235 also handles all security and has four different schemes call Annexes. â€Å"H.323 is a complicated protocol†. SIP Vulnerabilities Overview The below shows a SIP call flow using SIP and UDP protocols, user can send a voice call through proxy server, the p Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) Technology Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) Technology ABSTRACT: Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) technology which attract extra attention and awareness to the world wide business. IP telephonys system will affect the sending voice transmission in the form of packet over the IP network in the VoIP applications. Now a days many industries will use the VoIP technologies to provide the Security. In this project, I provided a variety of VoIP safety intimidation and probable approach to handle the intimidation in VoIP application. VoIP is naturally susceptible to networks attack, like hateful codes (i.e., worms, viruses, Trojans), denial-of-service (DoS), distributed DoS (DDoS), pharming, and (though non malicious) sparkle were crowded. These attacks also spoil grimy system by overriding assets, distracting valid user, compromise private informations, or by demeaning code and records. This break affect the contaminated system, it also destroy the unaffected (or even non-vulnerable) ones. All system associated to the Internet are responsive to hateful code which try to contaminate as much as hosts is probable, cause overcrowding on the network communications. The QoS which is provide to the end user is of highest significance and it is the main issue to implement the VoIP system, since if the exchange is indecipherable then there is no position in giving the service. The major factor which distresses the superiority of services is Latency, Jitter and Packet loss. CHAPTER-1 1.0 Introduction The voice enterprises continuously providing voice conversation services on over broad band by discovering the current market issues and network issues from past 20 years, the voice transition industry undergone various security and network issues to produce better quality voice service to transit on over broad band. The current voice market has been step up into the new level of voice protocols for providing VoIP services during low bandwidth, high level of data and voice transmission provisions. The VOIP technologies allow sharing the resource of WAN for supporting data and voice for saving the cost for transmission process [1]. The VoIP provides many advantages to the enterprises, the migration of voice and telephone application form TDM switch network to IP packet switched network provides many advantages to enterprises during the migration of voice into IP application the enterprises need to provide security to the data applications [2]. However the enterprises need to identify the security issues and employee new techniques to protect against attacks. Security and QoS is a main aspect of VOIP system, the data on voice networks have been attacked by viruses, worms, DOS attacks and other unknown authentication users [3]. The VOIP architecture is a complete network hierarchical structure which is compound with many of the networking devices, the design structure have to ensure that whether the components will cope the unwanted attacks. The protocol structure in a VOIP system is a more sensible factor due to the poor ambitious. Here we introduce the attacks on over VoIP system. VOIP Overview VoIP stands for Voice over Internet Protocol which is the mainly used in the transmission of voice communications through IP network like internet, public switched networks [4]. The concept of VoIP mainly targets of the transmission of voice based messages and applications by using different protocols and is transmitted via the internet. The basic steps involved in the transmission of voice signals through the internet are:  · Conversion of voice to analog and digital signal.  · Compression and conversion of the signal into Internet Protocol Packets to broadcast over Internet. VoIP systems adopt different session control protocols for commanding over the set-up, tear-down of calls and also different audio codecs which allow for encoding the voice signal and allow the transmission. These audio codecs may vary form system to system where some of them are based on the narrow band and some on the compressed speech where some other system may use high fidelity audio codecs. Technologies used to implement VoIP:  · H.323 [12]  · IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)  · Session initiation Protocol (SIP) [5]  · Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) [5] 1.1 Problem Definition In the past days the VoIP security is a not a big concern the people were mainly concerned with the functionalities, cost and the usage, but the VOIP communication trend has been encouraged; the VOIP communication system widely accepted by the people; due to the high acceptance of VOIP system the security issues are main concern. However the VoIP services are rapidly growing in the current voice communication system, many unauthenticated users and hackers are stealing the VoIP services and hacking the services from the service providers and re routing to their personal usage. Some of the security standards are not credential they only supports to authentication over calls, but the problem with the service theft. The security concerns will affect on quality of the system, due to the security tools and security solutions will conflict on quality of service. The system will accept the security tools those tools shouldnt decrease the quality. The basic issue of the quality is firewall. The firewall will blocks the calls for security constrains it will not process the signaling which are allocated to the UDP ports. Due to the security issues on VoIP devices will consumes extra time for packet delivery and which consumes extra time during the call; so it may delay the packet delivery, due to the encryption and decryption mechanism will conflict the call time. 1.2 Objectives of the study The basic objective of this is to detect source of attacked packet on over network Ø To formally define the network security problems and unauthorized access incidents Ø To define the most accredited security techniques and security methods Ø To evaluate the prototype system and packet feature mechanism Ø Email and other internet message are easily integrated with the voice applications Ø To support the multimedia applications, which provides less cost effective services for video conference, gaming Ø To supports a low cost, flat rate pricing on the voice communication over the Public Internet and Intranet services. Ø Sends the call signaling messages over the IP-based data Network with a suitable quality of service and much superior cost benefit. Ø Present offline message passing between the users by selecting a user from predefined offline user list Ø Present textual communication 1.3 Research Method Ø Provide authentication to the end users for accessing the VoIP services Ø Design secure VoIP Configuration system Ø Attempt to separate VoIP traffic from normal data traffic using either VLANs or a completely separate physical network. Ø Enable authentication on SIP accounts.Internal Firewalls/ACLs should be cond to block telnet and http traffic from reaching voice VLANs or subnets. 1.4 SCOPE These researches analyze the security and performance issues, it has to research on different security levels and represent various security challenges to modern VoIP system. Ø This research enhance security methods by analyzing the modern security challenges Ø To present various security methods; this security methods are explained in chapter -3 to analyze and investigate the security threats and define the solution for obtaining better performance Ø Balance VoIP security and performance by measuring the services and network traffic Ø To present VoIP protocols for secure data transmission 1,5 Thesis Organization Chatper-1: Introduction: General Introduction of VoIP, problem definition and Research methods Chapter -2: Literature Review: Review of VoIP deployment and review of security issues and performance and VoIP security background and security challenges Chapter -3: Security process: VoIP security process, managing of VoIP security and security process and define the security solutions Chapter -4: VOIP security and performance: Demonstrate VoIP performance , balancing of security and performance of VoIP Chapter -5: Analysis Report: security and performance analysis and investigation reports of VoIP security and performance and complete project report scenario Chapter -6: Conclusion, Future Enhancement, References and Appendices. CHAPTER -2 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW Background VoIP is a IP telephony which is used to deliver a voice on over internet; which stands for Voice over Internet Protocol which converts a voice signals to digital voice packets and transmit these packets on over network; for transmitting which uses Internet protocol for coordinating voice packets. VoIP can be deployed in dissimilar kind of IP enabled network like Internet, wireless networks, Ethernet. VoIP is a telephony system which takes voice as a analog signals and which converts it into digital format and transmit on over network by using Intern protocol. VoIP service Types VoIP provides different types of voice service according to the communication media infrastructure; the most common services are as follows Ø Computer to computer based services Ø PC to phone and phone to PC based services Ø Phone to phone based VoIP services [6] Computer to computer: A voice exchange in between system to system is one type of communication provides free VoIPs services which it requires related software applications such as gtalk[8], skype[7], messengers. In this services the users need to install same softwares in their respective PCs and exchange their voices same as Peer to Peer services. PC to phone and phone to PC: It is a combination of Internet and circuit switched telephone system. The VoIP application software receives the voice and hand over to the Internet protocol to communicate on over telephone network. VoIP services provide a services to communicate with phone s by establishing VoIP network; an applications such as Skype, messengers are communicate to the phones by converting respective receiving and transmitting formats. In the Phone to PC services the user can communicate from phones to PCs; user can dial to PCs by calling like normal phones; in this services the PC IP address contains a phone number. The user can dial from phone to assigned PC IP address phone number; Skype is a best example for this kind of services, which allows users to purchase a VoIP services to communicate from phone to PC [7]. The most common devices in these services are Ø VoIP service providers Ø Modem Ø Internet services Ø ATA: Analog Terminal Adaptor, this convert analog signals to voice signals voice signals to analogs singles Phone to phone based VoIP services [6]: Now a days this type of services are using in long distance calls; many communication service provide companies offering long distance calls in very abnormal price by utilizing the PSTN services. VoIP System A Fig- 1 shows a typical VoIP network topology which is a combination of given equipments; the following equipments are 1) Gatekeeper 2) VoIP Gateway 3) VoIP Clients Gatekeeper: A VoIP gatekeeper is a routing manager and central manager in a H 323 IP telephony surroundings. This is an option in a VoIP system which manages end points of a sector. VoIP gatekeeper is useful for managing calls, terminals and gateways. VoIP gatekeeper presents access control, bandwidth control and address translation. VoIP gateway: The VoIP entry convert a voice calls into genuine instant in between Public switch Telephone Network (PSTN) and IP networks. The basic functionalities of VoIP entry are compression, decompression; signal controlling, packetization and call routing. VoIP clients: This equipment represents phones, multimedia PCs 2.1 Security Issues. VoIP Phishing How To prevent VoIP Phishing and avoided getting Trapped You can do prevent VoIP Phishing at home and in your corporation and to avoid yourself and your associates from being keen as a Phishing victim. What is VoIP Phishing and hoe it work VoIP Phishing is a type of assault that lures the user into given personal data like phone number, credit card numbers, and password over a web site. Phishing over VoIP is become uncontrolled as VoIP makes Phishing easers for attacker. Security thread in VoIP While VoIP has become a one of the conventional communication technologies, VoIP user face a serious of security threads lets see this security issues. Firewall A firewall is software is planned to protect a personal networks from illegal access. Firewalls usually block the worthless passage from the outside to the inside of the networks and so on. Over look security You must not look at only at the light side of VoIP. While it is revolutionizing voice and data communication, it does not symbolize some problematic security issues that need that need to be deal with accurately. Quality of Service Issues (Qos) Qos [9] is a basic process of VoIP; if it delivers a good quality of services to the users which are more advantage to the users for saving money; rather than spending much money on other communication services. The Quality is an importance factor for VoIP services providers industries. In Certain level the security issues implementation can degrade the QoS. The security procedures such as firewalls and encryption techniques block the calls and delay the packet delivery. The main QoS issues are Ø Latency Ø Jitter Ø Packet loss Ø Bandwidth problem Latency: Latency represents a delivery time for voice transmission from source to destination. The ITU-T advice that G.114 [10] establish a many time of constraints on one-way latency .To achieve Quality of Service the VoIP calls must be achieve in a limited bound time. The basic issues in latency are Ø Time spent on routers and long network distance Ø Security measures Ø Voice data encoding Ø Queuing Ø Packetization Ø Composition and decomposition Ø Decoding Jitter: The non-uniform packets make a packet delivery delay; which it is caused by insufficient bandwidth. The packets are in out of sequence order, for transmitting voice media it uses RTP protocol; this protocol are based on UDP so that it makes the packet in out of order sequence which degrades the QoS by not resembling the protocols at protocol level. Packet Loss: The packet loss increase the latency and jitter; where group of packets are arrived late will be discarded and allow new packets. The packet loss is associated with data network; due to the low bandwidth and high traffic which delays the packet delivery. Bandwidth: The low bandwidth delays a packet delivery which degrades the QoS by increasing the latency and jitter. The data on over network have to distribute into various nodes; the data have to transmit from one node to another node during this transmission if it encounter any problem which it can delays the packet. The entire network design includes routers, firewall and other security measures. Certain time in the network path some of the nodes are unavailable at that time it doesnt deliver the packets to an end users. 2.2 VoIP protocols There are numbers and numbers of network that can be working in organize to offer for VoIP communiquà © service .In this part we will center no which the general to the best part of device deploy. Almost each machine in the globe use a standardization called real time protocol (RTP) for transmit of audio and video packet between the networks. IETF is the founder of RPT. The consignment layout of numbers CODE are define in RFC 3551 (The section â€Å"RTP profiles and pay load format specification† of RCF. These sections address items.). Though pay load format section are define in document also published by the ITU (International telecommunication union) and in others IETF RFCs. The RTP mostly deal with issue like packets order and give mechanism to help the address wait. The H.323 [7] standard uses the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) RTP protocol to transport media between endpoints. Because of this, H.323 has the same issues as SIP when dealing with network topologies involving NAT. The easiest method is to simply forward the appropriate ports through your NAT device to the internal client. To receive calls, you will always need to forward TCP port 1720 to the client. In addition, you will need to forward the UDP ports for the RTP media and RTCP con-trol streams (see the manual for your device for the port range it requires). Older cli-ents, such as MS Netmeeting, will also require TCP ports forwarded for H.245tunneling (again, see your clients manual for the port number range). If you have a number of clients behind the NAT device, you will need to use a gate-keeper running in proxy mode. The gatekeeper will require an interface attached to the private IP subnet and the public Internet. Your H.323 client on the private IP subnet will then re gister to the gatekeeper, which will proxy calls on the clients behalf. Note that any external clients that wish to call you will also be required to register with the proxy server. At this time, Asterisk cant act as an H.323 gatekeeper. Youll have to use a separate application, such as the open source OpenH323 Gatekeeper H.323 and SIP Have their origins in 1995 as researchers looked to solve the problem of how to computers can indicate communication in order to exchange audio video files.H.323[12] enjoy the first commercial success due to this fact those who are working on the protocol in ITU[12] worked quickly to publish the first standard in the year 1996. While support of the two protocols on a single gateway is critical, another integral part of dual-protocol deployment is the ability for H.323 gatekeepers and SIP proxies to interwork and share routing capabilities. One method that was introduced to support time-to-market requirements uses routing interaction between a Cisco SIP Proxy Server and an H.323 gatekeeper. The business model for some carriers using the Cisco Global Long Distance Solution is to provide origination and termination of voice-over-IP (VoIP) minutes for several other service providers. This business model has been very successful with deployment of H.323-based services, but these Cisco customers would also like to attract additional SIP-based service providers. Ideally, these customers would like to use their existing voice-gateway infrastructure to support additional SIP-based offerings. Cisco has provided these carriers with a way to add new SIP services by adding capabilities to the Cisco SIP Proxy Server to allow it to â€Å"handshake† with an H.323 gatekeeper using the H.323 RAS protocol. By enabling a SIP proxy server to communicate with an H.323 gatekeeper using RAS location request, location confirmation, and location reject messages and responses, a Cisco SIP Proxy Server can obtain optimized routing information from VoIP gateways that have been deployed in the service providers network. The Cisco architecture allows for protocol exibility and enables, one call-by-call basis, use of a particular session protocol. This exibility allows customers to deploy SIP networks on proven packet telephony infrastructures, while still maintaining core H.323 functionality within their networks. With the ability to support the connection of customers and carriers using either rotocol, service providers can offer a variety of application hosting and sharing services, and be more aggressive in pursuing wholesale opportunities via new services. Some principles for coexistence that are critical for successful multiprotocol deployments are transport capabilities across time-division multiplexing (TDM) interfaces, dual tone multifrequency (DTMF) processing capabilities and fax relay support. In deployments where both protocols are used, it is important that there are no performance limitations related to the call mix between SIP and H.323 calls, and that there is no significant deviation in calls-per-second measurements compared to a homogeneous SIP or H.323 network. Cisco gateways provide support for coexistence of SIP and H.323 calls beginning with Cisco IOS Software Release 12.2(2)XB. Above illustrates packet voice architectures for wholesale call transport and 2 illustrates termination services for application service providers (ASPs) where SIP and H.323 are used simultaneously for signaling. Reasons for VoIP Deployment When you are using PSTN line, you typically pay for time used to a PSTN line manager company: more time you stay at phone and more youll pay. In addition you couldnt talk with other that one person at a time. In opposite with VoIP mechanism you can talk all the time with every person you want (the needed is that other person is also connected to Internet at the same time), as far as you want (money independent) and, in addition, you can talk with many people at the same time. If youre still not persuaded you can consider that, at the same time, you can exchange data with people are you talking with, sending images, graphs and videos. There are two main reasons to use VoIP: lower cost than traditional landline telephone and diverse value-added services. Low Cost Higher multimedia application: Traditional telephone system requires highly trained technicians to install and custom configuration. Companies find the need to call the service of specialist to implement, simple tasks like moving adding a phone. Modules such as ‘voicemail and the additional lines are the part of perpetual cycle of upgrades and modifications that make telephony support a very profitable business. The methodology use to implement PSTN business phone system is well understood and the industry is very mature. Hence company can make a purchase with the confidence that if they are installing a traditional system it will function and include an excellent supported infrastructure. IDC reports the number of VoIP ports shipped in 2005 will be equal to traditional analogues deployment. Non to be taken lightly, the average lifespan of a voice system range from 5-10 years. In 5 to 10 years, an analogues telephone system will be the exception as opposed to the telephone standards. Qualified technicians, whom are required to work on propriety system, will be difficult to come by. In addition, the prospect of telephone manufacture going out of business or the technology simply being repulsed by a more agile and less costly alternative, are both risks that must be taken into account in well informed decision. Fortunately a company can take few preventive to protect them from outdated system. One such step is use of standards technologies that are back by a number of company and possibly trade group as opposed to a single entity. In VoIP space a good example is session Initiation Protocols, SIP. SIP is supported by the large majority of vendors and is considered the industry standard protocol for VoIP. Beyond analogue lines that terminate from an ISP, The traditional telephony market does not have much interoperability. For example it is not be integrate an Avaya PBX with a Nortel PBX. Hidden cost can be substantial in any technology deployment. The downtime experienced with buggy or poorly implemented technology, in addition to the cost of qualified consultants to remedy such as Challenges of VoIP: Though VoIP is becoming more and more popular, there are still some challenging problems with VoIP: Bandwidth: Network which available is an important anxiety in network. A network can be busted down into many nodes, associations and produce a big quantity of traffic flow, therefore, the availability of each node and link where we only focus on the bandwidth of the VoIP system. An in a data network, bandwidth overcrowding can cause QoS problems, when network overcrowding occur, packets need to be queued which cause latency as well as jitter. Thus, bandwidth must be accurately reserved and billed to ensure VoIP quality. Because data and voice share the same network bandwidth in a VOIP system, the necessary bandwidth condition and allocation become more complex. In a LAN surroundings, switches usually running at 100 Mbps (or 1000 Mbps), upgrading routers and switches can be the effective ways to address the bandwidth bottleneck inside the LAN. Power Failure and Backup Systems: Traditional telephones work on 48 volts which is supplied by the telephone line itself without outside power supply. Thus, traditional telephones can still continue to work even when a power breakdown occurs. However, a backup power system is also required with VOIP so that they can continue to operate during a power breakdown. An organization usually has an uninterruptible power system (UPS) for its network to overcome power failure, [14] Security: As VoIP becomes too popular, the issues related to VoIP network are also very progressively and more arising [15]. W. Chou [16] has investigation the different security of VoIP investigation the different and also given some optional strategies for these issues. In reference [17], the authors also outline the challenges of securing VoIP, and provide guidelines for adopting VoIP technology. Soft phone: Soft phones are installed on system thus should not be used where the security is an anxiety. In todays world, worms, viruses, Trojan houses, spy wares and etc are everywhere on the internet and very complex to defend. A computer could be attacked even if a user does not open the email attachment, or a user does nothing but only visit a compromise web site. Thus use of soft phones could bring high risks for vulnerabilities. Emergency calls: Each traditional telephone link is joined to a physical location, thus emergency tune-up providers can easily track callers locality to the emergency send out office. But dissimilar traditional telephone lines, VoIP technology allows an exacting number could be from anywhere; this made emergency services more problematical, because these emergency call centers cannot get the callers location or it may not be possible to send out emergency services to that location. Although the VoIP providers provide some solutions for emergency calls, there is at rest need of manufacturing principles in VOIP surroundings. Physical security: The most significant issue in VoIP network is Physical security. An attacker can do traffic psychoanalysis once actually they access to VoIP. In between server and gateway, like to determine which parties are communicating. So the physical security policy and some controls are needed to control the VoIP network access mechanism. Otherwise, risks such as insertion of snuffer software by attackers could cause data and all voice connections being intercept. Wireless Security: Connection in wireless network nodes were integrated with VoIP network which receives more and more popular and accepted [18]. The wireless networks are very feeble as compared to Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP). The algorithm for 802.11 is week because WEP can be cracked with public available software. This is the major project in wireless network for example the more common and popular WiFi protected Access (WPF and WPA 20) which administrated by Wi-Fi Alliance are providing more significant security in improvement, the WPA protected is also integrated with wireless technology in VoIP. CHAPTER -3 Related Work 3.0 Security Studies Voice of Internet Protocol is the next generation telecommunications method. It allows to phone calls to be route over a data network thus saving money and offering increased features and productivity. All these benefits come at a price, vulnerability. It is easier to attack and exploit a voice and data network. VoIP will need extra security measures beyond the standard security that is typically implement for a computer network. Many issues need to be addressed such as type of attacks, security, quality of service and VoIP protocols. Voice over IP (VoIP) is a one of the most challenging technology in todays market. The importance of VoIP is rapidly growing, many vendors introducing VoIP services with advanced technologies for improving quality of services and security. In this chapter I am discussing about security models and security process. 3.1 VoIP Security Process: There are many VoIP protocols in the market. Some are proprietary while others are open standards. The two most popular open protocols are H.323 and SIP. They were designed by two different organizations and operate slightly differently. They both have problems with the use of random ports problems with NAT translations and firewalls. Security for VoIP devices and VoIP network is a complex process, securing of VoIP protocols and data streaming invokes at many stages. The most common VoIP vulnerabilities are as follows Ø Software Related: Ø Device related Ø Protocol related Ø System Configuration related Ø Application level attacks 3.1.2 Software Related Vulnerabilities: The basic flaws in software vulnerable are operating services and functions problems and quality, operating system interface and administrations [19]. Software application interfaces, software application logic Ø Software applications Ø Application interfaces 3.1.3 Device Related Vulnerabilities: One of the most common security threats effects on VoIP hardware devices. In early days the most of the VoIP systems are designed with limited energy power, computing power. Due to the heavy competition in the market many vendors are keeping low cost, they are designing with low cast VoIP hardware devices but due to the changes of software applications, other system infrastructure the system need to regularly updates the device. The most common hardware devices in VoIP are Ø PCs Ø Telephone adaptors Ø Modems Ø VoIP phones 3.1.4 Protocol Vulnerability: The main protocols in VoIP are H.323 [12] and SIP (Session initiation protocol), these two protocols are commonly used in VoIP hardware system [19]. These protocols overwhelmed with security issues. SIP protocol is a complex protocol which maintains the security in SIP RFC. In SIP the network address translation crack security and which doesnt examine firewalls. H.323 is an International Telecommunication Union standard for audio and video communication across a packet network (National Institute of Standards and Technology 2005). There are four types of devices under H.324: terminals, Gateways, Gatekeepers and Multi-Point Conference Units. The terminals are phones and computers. Gateway provides an exit to other networks. The Gatekeeper handles addressing and call routing while the MCU provided conference call support. H.323 uses other protocols to perform other vital tasks. UDP packets using the Real-Time Transport Protocol transport all data. H.225 handles registration, admissions status, and call signaling. H.235 also handles all security and has four different schemes call Annexes. â€Å"H.323 is a complicated protocol†. SIP Vulnerabilities Overview The below shows a SIP call flow using SIP and UDP protocols, user can send a voice call through proxy server, the p